1947 Mar;57(3):281-97. I had a friend who lived in the area go and check it out and make sure it was authentic and in good condition, not damaged or destroyed or without the active material, he said. I was taken into Stoke Mandeville hospital, near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, UK, with suspected polio. Seventy-two percent of the children were treated with radium needles or tubes, which were put into glass capsules and then applied to the hemangioma. Interestingly, mild hearing loss in the placebo group improved markedly over the years as well, from which it was concluded that radium therapy should only be performed in cases in which hearing loss is found as a result of Eustachian tube dysfunction, because in most other cases, the condition also improved without treatment. The early days of radium treatment carried dangers for those handling the radium, many of whom later suffered from radiation-induced cancers; and for patients, who received imprecise doses, often either insufficient to achievecure; or excessive, causing severe radiation burns; or not sufficiently specifically placed to maximize benefit. I was born in the 1950's and treated with radiation as a newborn. At that time Ellis was unclear as to how the effects that had been shown in experiments were applicable to humans. AFTER SEEING A DENTIST FOR TMJ AND BUYING A NEW BED. If it was not for Marie Curie's scientific curiosity and the support for her 'blue skies' research, and the recognition of its therapeutic potential, radiotherapy might have taken decades longer to emerge as a key cancer treatment. B W Windeyer from the Middlesex Hospital gave the Skinner Lecture for 1943 and discussed malignant tumours of the upper jaw (Windeyer BJR 1943; 16(192); 362-366 and Windeyer BJR 1944; 17(193): 18-24). Nevertheless, it was the world's first report of radioactivity. It's full range of products all purported to unleash the benefits of radioactivity, including lipstick and facial powder, as well as ointments, soap, suppositories, razor blades, energy drinks and even condoms. In 1917, he gave his entire share worth about $300,000 at the time to Memorial Hospital. The device, intended to be placed in a special jockstrap, sold in the 1920s for as much as $1,000. 1941;37:42139. I ASKED HIM WHY HE DIDN'T TELL ME--HE SAID IT WAS TOO SMALL TO BIOPSY. 2015;15(6):34760. Helal M, Dadachova E. Radioimmunotherapy as a novel approach in HIV, bacterial, and fungal infectious diseases. FOIA ionise air and discharge an electroscope. In August 1941 Ff. Similarly, in internal radiation treatment, radioimmunotherapy (RIT) has allowed the delivery of cytotoxic radiation to specific target cells, through the coupling of antibodies and radioisotopes [7]. Nature Reviews Cancer. This suggests that a more selective targeting is necessary to utilize the full potential of these alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides. He surrounded his tube with a light-tight layer of cardboard, but noticed that a screen coated with barium platinocyanide, some 2.5 metres away, was fluorescing. WebIn October 1945 R McWhirter from Edinburgh described his technique for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis using radiotherapy (McWhirter BJR 1945; 18 (214): 302-305) and emphasised the value of early treatment. "X-rays, another form of radiation, and radium were being used in medicine to treat a variety of diseases," said Paul Frame, a health physicist at the Oak Ridge Associated Universities, in a phone interview. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Seed implantation is still a mainstay of cancer brachytherapy today. He enthusiastically recommended it to friends, sent them cases of it, even gave some to one of his horses. 2005;5(1):6572. In the United States and Europe, radioactive products from the 1920s through the 1940s included toothpaste, hair cream, cosmetics and even suppositories. The main advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and implications of radiation treatment for infections were discussed. WebMany of the other Tho-Radia products contained thorium, but none ever employed radium. 1997;388(September):53947. When beauty products were radioactive | CNN Roentgen therapy of lobar pneumonia. This mysterious new form of energy, discovered by French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896, had become imbued with mythical powers. penetrate flesh and reveal internal structures, such as bones, and objects such as bullets. Hum Exp Toxicol. As a consequence, the long-term risk of cancer increases in patients who are exposed to these high doses of radiation. Medical practitioners found early successes using radium and X-ray imaging, and consumer brands tried to capitalize from radiation therapy's reputation. The efficacy of the treatment was excellent, symptoms decreased within days, and the radium treatment was used in many children, but also in thousands of air force pilots and submarine personnel who had undergone baro-trauma [39]. Radium was so popular in the consumer market that many products claimed to be radioactive, even if they weren't. J Am Med Assoc. "Radioactivity, when used properly by someone who knew what they were doing, could cure cancer. Doctors in New York operated on her five separate times but each time the cancer returned. 2013;32(8):81727. Effect of x-rays on immunity; a review. and would be very interested to hear others stories. In 1947 the BIR Presidential Address was given by D W Smithers from the Royal Cancer Hospital on the topic of the radiotherapist and the cancer patient (, ). Front Immunol. Reference screening and citation tracking of the included articles was performed. There was this sense that radiation is a very powerful but poorly understood force in the universe, and maybe its the ultimate healing force, said Cleveland radiation oncologist Roger Macklis, who has studied radiation quackery. Epub 2016 Aug 25. Desjardins AU. Sandler DP, Comstock GW, Matanoski GM. These complications often resolved, and therapy was still effective in these patients. 2013;76(4):30814. In that study, patients were alternatively included in the x-ray group or the control group, but after seeing the marked reduction in mortality in the x-ray treatment group, all control patients were subsequently treated with x-rays (all patients received 250350 rntgen). When describing this work in a public lecture at the Royal Institution in 1903, Pierre Curie suggested that radium's ability to induce deep flesh burns might have potential in cancer therapy. 1996;15:28191. The second was that radiation would be studied and used to treat cancer. In July 1942 N Finzi gave an interesting paper on the practical management of symptoms arising from radiotherapy dealing mainly with local reactions (Finzi BJR 1942; 15(175): 192-193). Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. Source: NYPL/Science Source/Science Photo Library, Source: National Library of Medicine/Science Photo Library. They came down and said, Nope, you shouldnt have that here.. Old cure, new ills Millions received nasal radium therapy in 1940s Another study by Yeh et al. Estimation of the radiation dose from radiotherapy for skin haemangiomas in childhood: the ICTA software for epidemiology. These new isotopes cobalt-60, cesium-137, and iodine-125, for example were much safer to handle and administer than radium or radon seeds. Radium treatment for hemangioma in early childhood. "There were implications that the energy would help your teeth if they put it in toothpaste and give you a glowing expression if they put it in facial cream. Google Scholar. Amer J Roent. This account describes their early use. At the police station they were investigated with devices that could detect the presence of radioactivity. This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. 6oz. volume9, Articlenumber:121 (2020) Copyright British Institute of Radiology 2023 Registered Charity Number: 215869. In contrary to these therapeutic techniques based on gamma radiation, alpha- and beta emitting radioisotopes can also be used for infection treatment. He died from it in 1932, and the Wall Street Journal ran the headline: "The radium water worked fine until his jaw came off. Verduijn PG, Hayes RB, Looman C, Habbema JD, van der Maas PJ. Lupus vulgarisis a form of tuberculosis that gives rise to painful skin lesions, particularly on the face. Seventy-two percent of the The Cancer Act was passed in 1939 and its application was to have profound effects, which were reviewed by the radiotherapist Ralston Paterson from Manchester in (Paterson BJR 1942; 15(178): 297-301). [50] In another study, 18 of 85 patients infected with Hp who were treated for hyperthyroidism with 131I showed a negative urease breath test after treatment, which also means a significant reduction in Hp. 2013;86:55570. One must conclude from these experiments that the phosphorescent substance in question emits rays which pass through the opaque paper and reduces silver salts.2. Annee Ther Clin Ophtalmol. MeSH For his part, while hes very cautious about storing radioactive artifacts himself, Willis believes that theres probably no detectable risk as long as people are not using the items as originally intended.. PO. Twelve exposures of half an hour each with a 'strong' tubeseemed to have a beneficial effect in breaking down and diminishing the malignant tissue.5. Around 1940, Peteosthor was developed to treat bone tuberculosis [47]. The technique is still used today, but the radon has been replaced, typically, by the radionuclide131Cs (produced in a nuclear reactor; half-life = 9.7 days). Should people worry about century-old radioactive devices that may be lurking in their attics and closets? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Share Not long ago, curator Natalie Luvera began to worry about the strangest item in the National Atomic Testing Museum's collection of artifacts a tiny Radiation Therapy of Hemangiomas, 1909-1959 A cohort Surprisingly, I have had very few dental x-rays done, which are often mentioned as something to avoid. By 1926, Memorial Sloan Kettering had more radium than anywhere else in the world about 9 grams earning it the nickname Radium Hospital. How it came to possess so much of this precious substance, and what this meant for the history of cancer treatment, is a little-known story that involves a father on a cancer mission, uranium mines in Colorado, and a scientist who trained with Marie Curie. This result wasnt given much attention until almost a decade later, when Dunham published the results of 67 patients that were treated with a single x-ray dose of 6Gy and stated that nothing in all roentgen therapy gives such positive and uniformly perfect results as the treatment of a carbuncle [27]. However, collateral damage to healthy tissue is a major concern, especially in external radiation treatment. Marie Curie, working at the Sorbonne, Paris, decided that Becquerel's radioactivity might prove a fruitful field for investigation. Gholamrezanezhad A, Mirpour S, Saghari M, Abdollahzadeh J, Pourmoslemi A, Yarmand S. Radio-iodine therapy and helicobacter pylori infection. In external radiation treatment, these advances include intensity-modulated radiotherapy, as well as novel technologies like MR Linac [6]. Dr. Joseph Manning Steiner, Manhattan x-ray specialist, recognized in Byers' condition symptoms of radium poisoning. The creams didn't work as advertised but that didn't stop Tho-Radia cosmetics from becoming popular. Unfortunately, none of the authors performed long-term follow-up of their patients, so the long term radiation effects, as well as a potential increased risk of malignancies could not be investigated. At 17 I was hospitalized with my first autoimmune disease-Ulceratvie Colitis. In 1932, he died of radium poisoning that ravaged his jaw, skull, brain and internal organs. 2014;465(12):31724. James Douglas who believed radium could cure many ailments and kept a pitcher of radium water on his desk died in 1918 of a similar disorder. Privacy Skull Base. Shmuely H, Friedman M, Aronov I, et al. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Marie and her husband Pierre named this mystery substance radium in 1898. So about Area 51 and all those UFO conspiracy theories . PubMed The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 1989;98:83944. continued research of x-rays in the 1930s, his cohort of adults showed a decreased mortality of 6.7% (9/134 patients), a sharp improvement from earlier mortality rates for pneumonia [14]. PubMed Environ Int. 1989;28(6):789-94. doi: 10.3109/02841868909092309. During the first month after the incident, parts of the house were broken down and renovated by army personnel in protective gear. Strahlenther Onkol. Today, no one would intentionally smear radioactive materials on their face, but in 1933, the dangers of radioactivity were not yet fully understood. By Alan Dronsfield, Pete Ellis2011-03-01T00:00:00+00:00, An early example of how blue skies research by Pierre and Marie Curie led to the treatment of previously incurable cancers. Arduc A, Dogan BA, Ozuguz U, et al. Radium treatment for hemangioma in early childhood - PubMed Treating infections with ionizing radiation: a historical perspective and emerging techniques. Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. The history of MSK as a cancer hospital is inseparable from the history of radium, one of the earliest cancer treatments. Following its discovery over 100 years ago, radium has been used in numerous industrial and consumer applications. It was part of a line of cosmetics called Tho-Radia -- after thorium and radium, the radioactive elements it contained. In the next few decades, multiple chemotherapeutic agents were discovered that successfully induced remission of multiple types of cancer. Author F W O'BRIEN. Take a look at whats out there for learners, Help your students to regulate their own learning and boost outcomes. The company faded away amid bad publicity, as did makers of other radium products during the 1930s and 1940s. Widespread use and misuse of antibiotics have led to a dramatic increase in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, while the discovery and development of new antibiotics is declining. Bryan RA, Jiang Z, Howell RC, et al. High-dose-rate brachytherapy in treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer of head and neck region: preliminary results of a prospective single institution study. Pete Ellis is professor of psychological medicine at the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. Schneider AB, Lubin J, Ron E, Abrahams C, Stovall M, et al. B. van Dijk. The hypothesis of magic bullets that could selectively kill pathogens or cells without harming healthy tissue was first described around 1900 by Paul Ehrlich [46]. How x-rays halted the gas gangrene infection was never elucidated, although it was generally known that the relatively low radiation dose was not able to destroy the bacteria directly. But other kinds of products meant to be ingested proved lethal. Already a few years later, the first therapeutic uses were described for infectious diseases. A few months after the incident, a new Radioactive substance decree was written into Dutch law, detailing ( ) that sources of Radium could only exceed 1 mCu if, and only if, adequately encapsulated by a shell that cannot be removed without damage ( ), which is hermetically sealed and which is created from an indestructible material ( ) [31]. It was slightly different for me tho, I was born in 1983 and was living in Poland at the time of the Chernobyl disaster of '86. t3 t4 and tsh are ok. anti-tpo is quite elevated ?110. 2009;53(11):48608. With a half-life of only 3.8 days, radon "seeds" (Rn gas contained in thin walled gold tubing, crimped and cut into units up to 1cm in length) could be left permanently implanted in the body. Would you like email updates of new search results? I was also exposed toI was also exposed to radiation as a child & developed thyroid cancer recently. Chemotherapy was not to develop until the Unresolved pneumonia was, in their opinion, also a situation in which the body could not adequately metabolize the unresolved exudate that was left in the lungs. In truth, the verylow quantities of radium meant these products did little harm, apart from taking money off the gullible. Because of the Pubmed: ((((((Infection [Mesh] OR Infection [tiab] OR Infections [tiab] OR Infective [tiab] OR infectious [tiab])))) OR (((Bacteria[Mesh] OR Bacteria [tiab] OR Bacterial [tiab] OR Bacterium [tiab] OR Fungus [tiab] OR Fungi*[tiab] OR Fungal [tiab] OR Yeast [tiab] OR Yeasts [tiab]))))) AND (((((((Radioisotopes[MeSH] OR radionuclide [tiab] OR radionuclides [tiab] OR Radioactive Isotope[tiab] OR Radioactive Isotopes[tiab] OR radioisotope [tiab] OR radioisotopes [tiab] OR Radiation, Ionizing [MeSH] OR ionizing radiation[tiab] OR alpha ray[tiab] OR alpha rays[tiab] OR alpha radiation[tiab] OR alpha particle[tiab] OR alpha particles[tiab] OR beta ray[tiab] OR beta rays[tiab] OR beta particle[tiab] OR beta particles[tiab] OR beta radiation[tiab] OR gamma ray[tiab] OR gamma rays[tiab] OR gamma radiation[tiab] OR roentgen[tiab] OR rontgen[tiab] OR Elements, Radioactive[MeSH] OR radioactive element[tiab] OR radioactive elements[tiab] OR Radiolabel*[tiab])))) AND (((Therapeutics[Mesh] OR therapeutic [tiab] OR therapeutics [tiab] OR therapy [tiab] OR therapies [tiab] OR treatment [tiab] OR treatments [tiab]))))) OR (((Radioimmunotherapy [MeSH] OR radioimmunotherap*[tiab] OR immunoradiotherap*[tiab] OR RIT [tiab])))). Correspondence to The effect of radioiodine on eradication of helicobacter pylori infection in patients with thyroid cancer-a pilot study. 1982;68:38. Am J Roentgenol. Dr. Quimby would go on to develop standard dosing tables for radiation treatment and also developed the radiation film badge as a safety protection against accidental exposure. The Tho-Radia facial cream claimed to be based on a formula by one Dr. Alfred Curie. And this is a proof that scientific work must not be considered from the point of view of the direct usefulness of it. found no increase in head and neck- or thyroid malignancies in a large cohort of over 4000 patients, although the incidence of breast cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma was slightly elevated [38]. However, these increased cancer risks were never unequivocally shown in cohort studies that investigated patients treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Cade states that the increase in cancer of the lung is quite remarkable, both in total numbers and in the fact that it affects men only., Ellis and Miller BJR 1944; 17(195): 90-94. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. As we are entering an era in which antibiotics are increasingly failing, a renaissance of external radiation therapy of infections may develop with stereotactic radiation therapy, intensity-modulated radiation therapy and MR guided radiotherapy becoming potential last resort treatments for resistant infections. CAS The treatment, nasopharyngeal irradiation, was considered standard medical care in the 1940s and 1950s for middle ear obstructions, infections and deafness. Multiple treatment groups were treated with intravenously administered specific antibodies bound to 213Bi and 188Re, a dose of 3.7MBq (100Ci) RIT showed a survival of 60% with 213Bi and 40% with 188Re on day 75 post-therapy when compared to 0% survival in the cold antibody conjugates (antibodies without radioconjugates) and a saline-treated group [58]. 1998;149:62530. Battled that since. Size: Cylindrical powder container is 2.75" diameter, 1.5" high Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. The lethal legacy of early 20th-century radiation quackery OR bacteria:ab,ti OR bacterial:ab,ti OR bacterium:ab,ti OR fungus:ab,ti OR fungi*:ab,ti OR fungal:ab,ti OR yeast:ab,ti OR yeasts:ab,ti)) AND (((radioisotope/exp. I've battled thyroid cancer for 9 years now, it's come back throughout my lymph system. WebDecember 29 19481970s: Nasal Radium Irradiation (NRI) of Children at Johns Hopkins U.S. Average six or more glasses daily.. Interestingly, like in these previously mentioned oncological conditions, ionizing radiation may play a role inthe treatment of infectious diseases. 2006;50(6):21326. That the Tho-Radia powder seen below is from the 1940s or 1950s is suggested by the fact that the label on the bottom of the container (image below right) make no mention of the Curie formula. The positive results in children were illustrated in a randomized controlled trial by Hardy and Bordley, which consisted of over 1000 school children with conductive hearing loss who were randomized in groups that received three sessions with an applicator containing either radium or a placebo, blinded to patient and physician [40]. Gold had the advantage of filtering out the beta rays that can cause skin burns and inflammation, while still allowing the more powerful gamma rays to pass through. Ann Nucl Med. Dr. Failla also had the foresight to hire a talented young physicist named Edith Quimby as his assistant. This treatment was an accepted medical practice in the 1940s and 1950s to treat hearing loss, chronic otitus and other conditions in children and by the military for 1925;30:5771. More likely hypotheses that were proposed included the possibility that radiation causes local vessels to dilate, increasing oxygen supply to the infected tissue and thus diminishing the potency of anaerobic bacteria, as well as the possibility that radiation stimulated either the proliferation of immune cells or the release of bactericidal products from lymphocytes [22, 23]. See. They used wedge filters to avoid irradiating normal tissues more than necessary. Pursuing basic and translational research across 9 programs and 100+ labs, Focusing on clinical cancer research and population health, Bridging the lab and the clinic through translational research, Fostering interdisciplinary collaborations between laboratory scientists and clinicians, Partnering with other academic and research institutions, Offering state-of-the-art resources for our researchers, Offering a curriculum with a focus on cancer, Connecting college seniors to future careers in biomedicine, By 1926, Memorial Sloan Kettering had more radium than anywhere else in the world about 9 grams earning it the nickname Radium Hospital., MSK Radiation Therapy: Timeline of Progress. Our highly-specialized educational programs shape leaders to be at the forefront of cancer care and research. In the 1940's and 1950's, it was common practice for both civilian and military doctors to use radium to also treat sinus inflammations and to shrink swollen adenoids. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal ANYWAY, NOW I AM ON AN IODINE FREE DIET. Calabrese EJ, Dhawan G. The role of x-rays in the treatment of gas gangrene: a historical assessment. But countless similar artifacts remain in museums, private collections and junk drawers, all reminders of our bizarre and sometimes-fatal love affair with what many believed to be the healing powers of radioactivity. 8600 Rockville Pike Source: Paterson BJR 1941; 14(163): 219-234. The radium sources at Memorial Hospital were first used in the treatment of skin, prostate, and gynecologic cancers. Take the scrotal radiendocrinator that Willis owns, for instance. After 1956, Spiess and Mays followed a cohort of 899 patients treated with high doses of Peteosthor for many years. 1943;23:5348. It emits particles from its nucleus as it decays into other, lighter elements, and is itself the byproduct of the decay of the heavier element uranium into lead. The radioactive waste was dumped in the ocean, some 30miles from the Dutch coast. Had trouble breathing-Peditrician diagnosed an enlarged thymus gland and decided to use radiation to shrink it at 6 weeks of age. In a review and meta-analysis of the case series literature, Kelly and Dowell showed that a combination of surgery, serum therapy and x-ray treatment (different radiation regimes were used during this study) resulted in a 11.5% mortality (42/364 patients) compared to a 3550% mortality rate when only surgery and serum were evaluated together [20]. Crowe SJ, Walzl EM. He found these rays could: This last finding was discovered by chance as the early researchers were unaware of the energy of x-rays. Call us at 833-347-1665 to make an appointment. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. No alterations to original work, CC BY-SA 3.0 NL. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is a common chronic bacterial infection, present in almost half of the world population [49]. radioisotopes) [17]. Musser and Edsall, performing clinical experiments with x-rays, found that this radiation markedly improved condition and disease progress of leukemia patients, which they hypothesized was due to an increase in metabolic processes in tissues [10]. To treat infections with external gamma-radiation, a high dose is needed to kill the bacteria. 1928;38:158. Radium The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). childhood irradiation for thymusI WAS IRRADIATED FOR AN ENLARGED THYMUS AS AN INFANT. Other advantages include high stability, solubility, expression, and specificity. However, during the development of these systemic cancer drugs, significant problems, such as acute and long-term toxicities were repeatedly encountered. Kelly JF. The introduction of plates upon which the radium salt is spread and then covered with varnish has enabled us to treat with greater ease a large number of these superficial malignant growths.4. Source: Dutch Institute for Image and Sound,https://eye.openbeelden.nl/media/665796. Article Google Scholar. Nat Med. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 94: 224227. Thursday, September 22, 2016. Mortality from leukemia after irradiation in infancy for skin hemangioma. Lagendijk JJW, Raaymakers BW, Raaijmakers AJE, et al. E W Dahlgren, Nobel prize presentation speech, 1911. Radium: a medical treatment in the early 20th century As Cleveland oncologist Macklis wrote in a 1993 Scientific American article, the death of Byers sparked a federal investigation and helped to create the presumption that medicines are dangerous until proved safe.. An increase in cancer risk was suggested by some studies that followed children who had received radiation for benign conditions during childhood [41, 42]. In an in vivo experiment by Dadachova et al., nine groups of 10 mice were infected with 105 CN cells. Radiation therapy The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Crowe SJ, Baylor JW. Quoted in R F Mould, Current Oncology, 2007, Radium-223 is being used to relieve pain in bone cancer. Source: ApThomas BJR 1942; 15(170): 43-47. But they could actually kill, as a middle-aged New York tycoon named Eben M. Byers discovered after guzzling multiple bottles of Radithor a day. Crowe and Baylor, happy with the effect that radiation had in reducing lymphoid tissue around the Eustachian tube, proposed that radiation could be applied much more locally compared to x-ray through nasal application of a small radioactive radium or radon source, which would cause much less systemic radiation [35]. THEY ALL AGREE THO IT IS AN AGRESSIVE CANCER. A systematic search strategy was designed for three academic databases, Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane, to select studies that used radiation for treatment of bacterial or fungal infections (Appendix 1). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. PMC Am J Surg. Science. Conflicts were solved by consensus, or (if no consensus could be reached)through consultation of a third reviewer. ', Source: Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Marketed as a cure for the living dead, in 1932 one enthusiastic customer died of radium poisoning. This type of treatment is known as intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) and involves the delivery of radiation directly to cancer or nearby tissues after the malignant tissues have been removed. Zmistowski B, Karam JA, Durinka JB, Casper DS, Parvizi J. Periprosthetic joint infection increases the risk of one-year mortality.
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