Many feared that we were headed for a timber famine in the next twenty years. Why did some progressives oppose business? o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. You might as well deface the world's great cathedrals, he said, "for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man." The issue was decided in December 1913, when Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Bill into law, authorizing the dam's construction. Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. helped establish the federal government's role in managing the nation's wilderness. The San Francisco Bulletin printed a Dec. 1, 1913, story calling the bills opponents a crowd ofnature lovers and fakers, who are waging a sentimental campaign to preserve the Hetch Hetchy Valley as a public playground, a purpose for which it has never been used.. Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. Muir and other defenders of Hetch Hetchy believe the fight revolved around two central issues. welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. Rounding the corner and catching the first glimpses of Hetch Hetchy Valley reveals the play of light on water. secretary of the interior. On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. For most of the year the waterfall offers a refreshing shower or cooling mist along with an amazing view. After his second term, he retiredbrieflyfrom public life. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as o New York City police commissioner Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. Newlands Reclamation Act: Definition. They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam. The bustling metropolis of Los Angeles could not have become the city it did without the water which flowed from the Owens Valley hundreds of miles away. We have historic photographs to remind us of what Hetch Hetchy Valley looked like before the dam was built. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . Was everyone satisfied with the amendment? As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot An adjacent building contains another five suites with vaulted ceilings, forest views and soaking tubs. Is your answer In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. In contrast to the utilitarian view, the preservationist approach denied the assumption that the natural world existed solely to serve mans purposes. o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation No picture of the giant sequoia trees in Yosemite National Park manages to fully capture their immense size and majesty. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. Right next to the Lucky Buck Cafe, youll find the Yosemite Westgate Lodge and Buck Meadows Lodge. There are four fundamental ways in which dams damage rivers. o Commander of the Rough Riders Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. Belief in the influence of the environment on individual development. Du Bois: had never known slavery. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13: Additional Resources in the T he APUSH practice exam appearing below consists of thirty-five multiple-choice questions. Pinchot upset and leaked the information to the press and asked Congress to investigate. It forced elected representatives to consider what a national park designation truly meant and whether or not the land within these parks deserved protection. The Blackberry Inn Bed and Breakfast is just one of many welcoming businesses located on the way to Hetch Hetchy. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. Recall: Initiative and Referendum The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. . . Founder of Settlement House Movement. Plus, the granite walls converge into a narrow outlet at the bottom of the valley the perfect location for a dam. How did they accomplish their goals? Explain. APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet Garfield had granted San Franciscos request, but Ballinger ordered the city to show cause as to why Hetch Hetchy should not be deleted from their grant. 46. Where did Roosevelt and Taft gain support for becoming the Republican presidential candidate? "Social justice" a kind of justice that goes beyond the individual, seeking justice for society as a whole. Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. There is no Starbucks here no daily parade of tour buses and RVs. [2] [11] He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. menright to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton). Photo: Kim Lawson. Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. William Howard Taft became president in 1909. It involved the unintended consequences of efforts to shape the environment to meet human needs. Gifford Pinchot, the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, with his friend Theodore Roosevelt in 1907. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. Denouncing dam proponents as greedy, he wrote, These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, life them to the Almighty Dollar. What dramatically weakened the socialists? In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. Direct Primary and Recall This time it was in favor those who wanted to preserve the valley for generations yet to come. Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust suits during the remainder of his presidency. Building the Hetch Hetchy dam in such a remote location was an enormous project. John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.`. Many viewed saloons as sources of drunkenness, violence, and occasionally murder. There, he met the same Indian chief and his wives. The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government power over the money supply. Copyright © 2023 More Than Just Parks | This post may contain affiliate links - read our Standards, Corrections, & Privacy Policy. There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards - Cram.com Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. Gifford Pinchot: The Father of Forestry - National Park Service In American politics during the late nineteenth century. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. National Park Service - HISTORY San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy. o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give held a strong commitment to improved racial justice. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. APUSH Framework. many other states. Amateur and professional. Through the manipulation of water, the company also had the power to determine which real estate became valuable and which languished. o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. o Interest groups. From 1908-1913, Congress debated legislation to supply the city of San Francisco with water by damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley. They refused to support the war effortgrowing Browers Hetch Hetchy: Undoing A Great American Mistake, makes a compelling case for restoring the valley to its previous glory. In an effort to build this support, he published his bookThe Yosemitein 1912. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. He said, So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. . For John Muir, it was about preserving a natural wonder which could be enjoyed by generations to come. economy. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. On U.S. Forest Service land, the interests of mining and lumber companies are balanced with the recreational pursuits of hunters, snowmobilers, and cross-country skiers. This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. Indeed, the battle over Hetch Hetchy may have been a little-known contributor to the permanent alignment of American politics it was the tension between Ballinger and Pinchot that set in motion the events that lead to the split mentioned above. What was the most important source of reform in the West? The second concept is preservation. Hetch Hetchy | Hetch Hetchy Dam & Reservoir History | Yosemite.com Eventually, when the issue was put on a ballot in 1908, it passed and construction of the dam began after World War I. Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice, nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. both A and B professional organizations, trade associations representing businesses and Bierstadts paintings and Muirs writings began to publicize the beauty of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. He produced at least four oil paintings of the valley one of which is prominently displayed in Mount Holyoke Colleges art museum. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. Unions: Hetch Hetchy: Pros and Cons of Restoration - Yosemite Tales Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. What reform issues did Wilson not support? But it was later struck down by the court. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. In the distance, long white plumes of water cascade hundreds of feet down from rocky heights. The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet . You could miss this small mountain community if you blink at the wrong time, but it is home to a few remarkable small businesses. o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the Your email address will not be published. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? What was the Socialist Party of America? The pressure that Muir and his compatriots generated in 1908 and 1909 did not dissuade the administration from its support of the Hetch Hetchy dam, but this pressure was quite effective in the realm of electoral politics. Each switchback reveals scenic overlooks of the reservoir and Kolana Rock. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. In the late nineteenth century, the Granger Laws supported the interests of, 26. What approach did W.E.B. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing Population, saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. Subjects: 28 apush chapter . wave of antiradicalism subjected them to enormous harassment and persecution. social gospel. Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. The reservoir supplies water for the city of San Francisco, so there is no recreational boating or swimming allowed. "Prohibition Law" declared it illegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the United States. As the battle lines were drawn, the different methods employed by each side in presenting their case spoke to some of their basic assumptions about the nature of the issue. o Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at a special electioncould For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. Once again, the political pendulum would swing. Gravel, logs, and other important food and habitat features can become trapped. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. manager or engineerto take charge of the city government Crusading journalists who began to direct public attention toward social, economic, and political San Francisco had its eyes on this water source early on and repeatedly tried to acquire water rights to the Tuolumne River. demands of the groups. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. Within three years, Congress had passed the Organic Act, formally defining the parks and creating a new federal agency, the National Park Service, with a mission: to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.. The most determined opponents to lynching in the South were southern women (black and white). Even in the summer when Yosemite Valley is being explored by visitors from around the world, Hetch Hetchy remains an oasis of relative calm. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. The trail to Wapama Falls is one of the most popular trails in the Hetch Hetchy area for a good reason. There have been lawsuits over whether San Francisco violated the agreements of the Raker Act. had more authority in the west then the state and municipal governments. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. it to the people. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. He discovered it a few of years later. Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. taken to Pinchothead of the Forest Servicewho took the information to the president. Others argued that we must limit the flow of new arrivals. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . Fight for their civil rights. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.. San Franciscos water system could not adequately serve its growing population, and the dam presented a solution. Dam the Hetch Hetchy! Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. Referendum: Years before Hetch Hetchy, the two men were friends. The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. Round percent to hundredths. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. o Creation of a commission to regulate public utilities. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? When youre standing at the shore overlooking what appears to be a lake, picture yourself looking down into a verdant valley filled with the tall native grasses that give the valley its name. No BS! 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. 44. Were they successful? What made Wilson look towards reform issues once again? Describe the passion behind each side. o Almost all income producing activity had moved out of the home and into the factory/office . Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Who was Jane Addams? Corporations bought up entire forests for lumber. How did she influence the settlement house movement? How to The chief replied, There is no valley. industries, labor organizations, farm lobbies, and many others. The inadequacy of the citys existing water supply came into sharp focus. him was beyond question. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. The Tuolumne River originates in the peaks above Tuolumne Meadows and is the major drainage system for the northern part of Yosemite. Buchanan v. Worley (1917): Supreme Court struck down a law in Kentucky, requiring residential segregation o NAACP also addressed the lynchings occurring in the South. The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. o For the next three year, a state commission studied the background of the fire and the general Pinchot argued that applying the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number, meant the benefits accrued to the people of San Francisco from having the dam far outweighed leaving the valley in its current state. High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. Explain. o Led by Eugene Debs Those who presumed to speak for wealth, much of which flowed to San Francisco, believed they were transforming a pioneer land into a settled, civilized one. The Freeman Report artfully depicted reservoirs in Norway, the United Kingdom and the eastern United States showing how nature and public utility worked together to improve their surroundings and provide long-term benefits for everyone. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. movement. What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. causing much controversy. The law authorizing the dam passed Congress on December 7, 1913. High value placed on education and individual accomplishment. What were the differing viewpoints from African Americans regarding Booker T. Washington's message? If youre excited about a long hike or backpacking trip, you can continue to Laurel Lake for a 14.2-mile (22.9 km) out and back. The landscape painter Bierstadt, who brought his German Romantic training to the valley in 1862, gave the world an even larger portrait, and one in extravagant color, that photographers could not match on any scale. Over the next decade, he produced fifteen large oils that transformed the valley into a dreamland unlike anything that ever met mortal eye.. o "Antimonopoly": fear of concentrated powerneed to limit and disperse authority and wealth.
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