According to the Book of Mormon, the resurrected Jesus Christ descended from heaven and visited the people of the American continent, shortly after his resurrection. [7] Much of the idea of Cortés being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex written down some 50 years after the conquest. He is the dark personification of Venus, the evening star, and was associated with heavenly fire. ( Public Domain ) The roots of Quetzalcoatl, or at least the form of the feathered serpent, can be traced all the way back to the Olmec civili… The story of the life of the Mexican divinity, Quetzalcoatl, closely resembles that of the Savior; so closely, indeed, that we can come to no other conclusion than that Quetzalcoatl and Christ are the same being. After the last destruction wiped out all life, Xolotl and his twin the Fifth Sun Quetzalcoatl ventured into the underworld to retrieve the bones of humanity. One translation of the name connects the Axolotl to Xolotl. [need quotation to verify] Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl wearing an ehēcacōzcatl around the neck. Quetzelcoatl also appeared on (Season 3) of the Animal Planet mockumentary Lost Tapes in an episode entitled "Q the Serpent God". This confederacy engaged in almost seventy-five years of nearly continuous conflict with the Aztec Empire of the Triple Alliance until the arrival of Cortés. Over the East presides the Red Tezcatlipoca, Xipe Totec, the god of gold, farming and springtime. [21], The exact significance and attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied somewhat between civilizations and through history. [8] The syphilitic god Nanahuatzin is an avatar of Xolotl. A feathered serpent deity has been worshiped by many different ethnopolitical groups in Mesoamerican history. [14], Xolotl is sometimes depicted carrying a torch in the surviving Maya codices, which reference the Maya tradition that the dog brought fire to mankind. As a double of Quetzalcoatl, he carries his conch-like ehecailacacozcatl or wind jewel. He also had anthropomorphic forms, for example in his aspects as Ehecatl the wind god. He was a creator deity having contributed essentially to the creation of mankind. [8], In manuscripts the setting sun, devoured by the earth, is opposite Xolotl's image. Two other gods represented by the planet Venus are Quetzalcoatl's ally Tlaloc (the god of rain), and Quetzalcoatl's twin and psychopomp, Xolotl. [citation needed] Additionally, at least one major cache of offerings includes knives and idols adorned with the symbols of more than one god, some of which were adorned with wind jewels. Franciscans such as Toribio de Benavente "Motolinia" saw elements of Christianity in the pre-Columbian religions and therefore believed that Mesoamerica had been evangelized before, possibly by Thomas the Apostle, who, according to legend, had "gone to preach beyond the Ganges". On the basis of the Teotihuacan iconographical depictions of the feathered serpent, archaeologist Karl Taube has argued that the feathered serpent was a symbol of fertility and internal political structures contrasting with the War Serpent symbolizing the outwards military expansion of the Teotihuacan empire. For example, in the Codex Mendoza we see him playing with the moon-god, and can recognize him by the sign ollin which accompanies him, and by the gouged-out eye in which that symbol ends. Franciscans then equated the original Quetzalcoatl with Thomas and imagined that the Indians had long-awaited his return to take part once again in God's kingdom. Xolotl withdrew from this sacrifice and wept so much his eyes fell out of their sockets. This view has been questioned by ethno-historians who argue that the Quetzalcoatl-Cortés connection is not found in any document that was created independently of post-Conquest Spanish influence, and that there is little proof of a pre-Hispanic belief in Quetzalcoatl's return. In one version of a particularly well-known myth, that of the creation of mankind, Quetzalcoatl and his twin travel to Mictlan, the Aztec underworld, to retrieve the bones of the dead so that humans can be created. The first culture to use the symbol of a feathered serpent as an important religious and political symbol was Teotihuacan. Subtleties in, and an imperfect scholarly understanding of, high Nahuatl rhetorical style make the exact intent of these comments tricky to ascertain, but Restall argues that Moctezuma's politely offering his throne to Cortés (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean: politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. Quetzalcoatl as the morning star acts as the harbinger of the Sun's rising (rebirth) every dawn , Xolotl as the evening star acts as the harbinger of the Sun's setting (death) every dusk . But this deity was known by other names in other Mesoamerican civilizations . In a version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl was born by a virgin named Chimalman, to whom the god Onteol appeared in a dream. In the post-classic Nahua civilization of central Mexico (Aztec), the worship of Quetzalcoatl was ubiquitous. Xolotl is thus a master transformer. Ashure The god of lightning and Venus, he is Quetzalcoatl’s diseased and ugly twin. [28] Xolotl is probably identical with Nanahuatl (Nanahuatzin). [13] In Mazatec legends the astrologer deity Tlahuizcalpanteuctli, who is also represented by Venus, bears a close relationship with Quetzalcoatl.[14]. His ashes rose into the sky and then his heart followed, becoming the morning star (see Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli).[27]. The god in the shape of dog, called Xólotl, was the dedication of Quetzalcóatl to the symbol of Venus, as evening star. Seler thinks "that the root of the name ollin suggested to Mexicans the motion of the rubber ball olli and, as a consequence, ball-playing. Quetzalcoatl is a character in Onyx Equinox. He was also god of twins, monsters, misfortune, sickness, and deformities. From these bones, they restored mankind. The earliest iconographic depiction of the deity is believed to be found on Stela 19 at the Olmec site of La Venta, depicting a serpent rising up behind a person probably engaged in a shamanic ritual. He finds further evidence of the association between Xolotl, dogs, death, and Mictlan in the fact that Mesoamericans viewed twins as unnatural monstrosities and consequently commonly killed one of the two twins shortly after birth. "[22], Ollin is pulsating, oscillating, and centering motion-change. Some scholars argue the ballgame symbolizes the Sun's perilous and uncertain nighttime journey through the underworld. He was the dark twin of Quetzalcoatl, responsible for guiding the Sun through Mictlán, the Underworld. [12] This is one of many native dog breeds in the Americas and it is often confused with the Peruvian Hairless Dog. According to the creation recounted in the Florentine Codex , after the Fifth Sun was initially created, it did not move. As he fled from the underworld, Quetzalcoatl dropped the bones, and they broke into pieces. He was also the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and knowledge. Upon hearing of Tezcatlipoca's desire to destroy and remake humanity, Quetzalcoatl proposes a bet to see if a human would close the gates of the underworld, choosing Izel as his champion. In Náhuatl, the word Xolotl was often associated with the concept of twins and physical deformity, so statues of the deity often portray a dog with twin heads, or ragged ears and running sores. [36] However, in 1892 one president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, John Taylor, wrote:[37]. Quetzalcoatl is not a religious symbol in the Latter-day Saint faith, and is not taught as such, nor is it in their doctrine that Quetzalcoatl is Jesus. Xolotl is frequently paired with Quetzalcoatl in various myths, whether as his twin or as his canine companion. He is identified with sickness and physical deformity. Although probably not exactly a depiction of the same feathered serpent deity worshipped in classic and post-classic periods, it shows the continuity of symbolism of feathered snakes in Mesoamerica from the formative period and on, for example in comparison to the Maya Vision Serpent shown below. [9] Furthermore, early Spanish sources written by clerics tend to identify the god-ruler Quetzalcoatl of these narratives with either Hernán Cortés or Thomas the Apostle—identifications which have also become sources of a diversity of opinions about the nature of Quetzalcoatl.[10]. Cult worship may have involved the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms (psilocybes), considered sacred. A feathered serpent deity has been worshiped by many different ethno-political groups in Mesoamerican history. Other parties have also promulgated the idea that the Mesoamericans believed the conquistadors, and in particular Cortés, to be awaited gods: most notably the historians of the Franciscan order such as Fray Gerónimo de Mendieta. Xolotl, the Twin, the Shapeshifter, Venus as the Evening Star, the Lord of the West, Double of Quetzalcoatl. Xolotl accompanied Quetzalcoatl to Mictlan, the land of the dead, or the underworld, to retrieve the bones from those who inhabited the previous world (Nahui Atl) to create new life for the present world, Nahui Ollin, the sun of movement. His two spirit animal forms are the Xoloitzcuintli dog and the water salamander species known as the Axolotl. Xolotl is a dog-headed god of lightning, fire, and twins in Aztec mythology. Also, the feet on his skeletal body run backwards so he finds it difficult to know if he is coming or going. The exact significance and attributes of Quetzalcoatl varied somewhat between civilizations and through history. They both are believed to be twins or the canine companion of each other. Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl constitute the twin phases of Venus as the morning and evening star, respectively. Among the Aztecs, whose beliefs are the best-documented in the historical sources, Quetzalcoatl was related to gods of the wind, of the planet Venus, of the dawn, of merchants and of arts, crafts and knowledge. In the religion of the Aztec Empire, Xolotl was a god of fire, lightning, deformities and death. [22] A fourth story narrates that Quetzalcoatl was born from Coatlicue, who already had four hundred children who formed the stars of the Milky Way. The band Clutch references Quetzalcoatl in their song Oregon. A particularly ugly one too. [17], Eduard Seler associates Xolotl's portrayal as a dog with the belief that dogs accompany the souls of the dead to Mictlan. [15] In the Mayan codices, the dog is conspicuously associated with the god of death, storm, and lightning. The feathered serpent was furthermore connected to the planet Venus because of this planet's importance as a sign of the beginning of the rainy season. [38] In a 1986 paper for Sunstone, he noted that during the Spanish Conquest, the Native Americans and the Catholic priests who sympathized with them felt pressure to link Native American beliefs with Christianity, thus making the Native Americans seem more human and less savage. [6], His empty eye sockets are explained in the legend of Teotihuacan, in which the gods decided to sacrifice themselves for the newly created sun. [23] Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). Quetzalcoatl represented Venus as the morning star, and Xolotl represented it as the evening star. Seler speculates that Xolotl represents the murdered twin who dwells in the darkness of Mictlan, while Quetzalcoatl ("The Precious Twin") represents the surviving twin who dwells in the light of the sun. In Xochicalco, depictions of the feathered serpent are accompanied by the image of a seated, armed ruler and the hieroglyph for the day sign 9 Wind. Xolotl is the canine brother and twin of Quetzalcoatl,[2] the pair being sons of the virgin Coatlicue. Xolotl somehow was trapped and became a psychopomp to Mictlantecuhtli. However, a majority of Mesoamericanist scholars, such as Matthew Restall (2003, 2018[33]), James Lockhart (1994), Susan D. Gillespie (1989), Camilla Townsend (2003a, 2003b), Louise Burkhart, Michel Graulich and Michael E. Smith (2003), among others, consider the "Quetzalcoatl/Cortés myth" as one of many myths about the Spanish conquest which have risen in the early post-conquest period. In the 17th century, Ixtlilxóchitl, a descendant of Aztec royalty and historian of the Nahua people, wrote, "Quetzalcoatl, in its literal sense, means 'serpent of precious feathers', but in the allegorical sense, 'wisest of men'." [40][41] The deity has been featured as a character in the manga and anime series Yu-Gi-Oh! Quetzalcoatl's name can also be translated as "precious twin," and in some myths, he had a twin brother named Xolotl, who had a human body and the head of a dog or of an ocelot, a spotted wildcat. He was commonly depicted as a dog-headed man and was a soul-guide for the dead. He is referred to as one who is responsible for guiding souls into the underworld, when the people die. [6] Feathered serpent iconography is prominent at all of these sites. Every night, I lead the Sun down to Mictlán to die. [13], In the Aztec calendar, the ruler of the day, Itzcuintli ("Dog"), is Mictlantecuhtli, the god of death and lord of Mictlan, the afterlife. Some legends describe him as opposed to human sacrifice[24] while others describe him practicing it.[25][26]. Over time, Quetzalcoatl's appearance, clothing, malevolent nature, and status among the gods were reshaped to fit a more Christian framework. Xolotl, however, was unwilling to die in order to give movement to the new Sun. Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god of wind, air, and learning, wears around his neck the "wind breastplate" ehēcacōzcatl, "the spirally voluted wind jewel" made of a conch shell. [8], In the era following the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with Ce Acatl Topiltzin, a ruler of the mythico-historic city of Tollan. The highest Aztec priests were each called “Quetzalcoatl” in honor of the god. In the end, Ehecatl succeeded in finding and killing Xolotl. Quetzalcoatl allegedly went to Mictlan, the underworld, and created fifth-world mankind from the bones of the previous races (with the help of Chihuacoatl), using his own blood, from a wound in his penis, to imbue the bones with new life. Ver más ideas sobre arte prehispanico, aztecas, prehispanico. 31-may-2018 - Explora el tablero de Dis "Xolotl" en Pinterest. The legend of Quetzalcoatl is spoofed in the Adult Swim CGI series Xavier: Renegade Angel. Xolotl transformed himself into a young maize plant with two stalks (xolotl), a doubled maguey plant (mexolotl), and an amphibious animal (axolotl). • Xolotl is the root word from which the modern word cholo (“gangster”) derives. [19] Xolotl is represented directly as a dog, and is distinguished as the deity of air and of the four directions of the wind by Quetzalcoatl's breast ornament. [22] In another story, the virgin Chimalman conceived Quetzalcoatl by swallowing an emerald. (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) As the morning star, he was known by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning "lord of the star of the dawn". Xolotl accompanied Quetzalcoatl to [8], In art, Xolotl was typically depicted as a dog-headed man, a skeleton, or a deformed monster with reversed feet. In the example from Yaxchilan, the Vision Serpent has the human face of the young maize god, further suggesting a connection to fertility and vegetational renewal; the Maya Young Maize god was also connected to Venus. [18] Historian Enrique Florescano also analyzing Teotihuacan iconography argues that the Feathered Serpent was part of a triad of agricultural deities: the Goddess of the Cave symbolizing motherhood, reproduction and life, Tlaloc, god of rain, lightning and thunder and the feathered serpent, god of vegetational renewal. Quetzalcoatl was associated with the wind god Ehecatl and is often depicted with his insignia: a beak-like mask. The cult of Quetzalcoatl was widespread across the Mesoamerican world, including temple centers in such cities as Teotihuacan, Tula (or Tullán, capitol of the Toltecs in middle Mexico), Xochilco, Mexico-Tenochtitlan (the central part of current Mexico City), and Chichen Itza. See more ideas about aztec art, mayan art, feathered serpent. [7] The dog plays an important role in Maya manuscripts. For the giant pterosaur, see. While not usually feathered, classic Maya serpent iconography seems related to the belief in a sky-, Venus-, creator-, war- and fertility-related serpent deity. [30], https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xolotl&oldid=991052865, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 00:43. Normally Quetzalcoatl gets all the fame and glory, but we think his lesser-known sibling Xolotl deserves a This article is about a Mesoamerican deity. Later on, Xavier and the Aztecs summon Quetzalcoatl in his mortal form and wind up angering him after cutting him open. Some followers of the Latter Day Saints movement believe that Quetzalcoatl was historically Jesus Christ, but believe his name and the details of the event were gradually lost over time. It has been suggested that these stories recall the spread of the feathered serpent cult in the epi-classic and early post-classic periods.[6]. In the Maya area he was approximately equivalent to Kukulkan and Gukumatz, names that also roughly translate as "feathered serpent" in different Mayan languages. Eduard Selerassociates Xolotl's portrayal as a dog with the belief that dogs accompany the souls of the dead to Mictlan. This depiction is believed to have been made around 900 BC. Over the South presides the Blue Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. Quetzalcóatl, Mayan name Kukulcán, (from Nahuatl quetzalli, “tail feather of the quetzal bird [ Pharomachrus mocinno ],” and coatl, “snake”), the Feathered Serpent, one of the major deities of the ancient Mexican pantheon. Seler characterizes Nanahuatzin ("Little Pustule Covered One"), who is deformed by syphilis, as an aspect of Xolotl in his capacity as god of monsters, deforming diseases, and deformities. [8], A close relationship between Xolotl and Nanahuatzin exists. Other articles where Xolotl is discussed: Quetzalcóatl: With his companion Xolotl, a dog-headed god, he was said to have descended to the underground hell of Mictlan to gather the bones of the ancient dead. In the iconography of the classic period, Maya serpent imagery is also prevalent: a snake is often seen as the embodiment of the sky itself, and a vision serpent is a shamanic helper presenting Maya kings with visions of the underworld. When possessing a child, Quetzalcoatl develops feathers all over his body and also a feather tail. Unsurprisingly, many depictions of Quetzalcoatl pertain to a serpent, with the probable earliest known representation of the god found at the Olmec … People also frequently paired him with the Quetzalcoatl in various sacred texts and books. The Nahuatl nouns compounded into the proper name "Quetzalcoatl" are: Nicholson 2001, Carrasco 1982, Gillespie 1989, Florescano 2002, Lafaye 1987, Townsend 2003, Martínez 1980, Phelan 1970, (in English, Spanish, and Nahuatl languages), Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Fate/Grand Order - Absolute Demonic Front: Babylonia, The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel, "Evidence of Mushroom Worship in Mesoamerica", "New Taxonomical and Ethnomycological Observations on, "Readings in Classical Nahuatl: The Death of Quetzalcoatl", "The Complete New York City Horror Movie Marathon! And over the North presides the Black Tezcatlipoca, known by no other name than Tezcatlipoca, the god of judgment, night, deceit, sorcery and the Earth. (Restall 2001 p. 114)[full citation needed]. ", "Method and Skepticism (and Quetzalcoatl...)", "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya maize god and Jesus Christ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quetzalcoatl&oldid=1001694940, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with Nahuatl languages-collective sources (nah), Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 20 January 2021, at 21:46. He finds further evidence of the association between Xolotl, dogs, death, and Mictlan in the fact that Mesoamericans viewed twins as unnatural monstrosities and consequently commonly killed one of the two twins shortly after birth. It is typified by bouncing balls, pulsating hearts, labor contractions, earthquakes, flapping butterfly wings, the undulating motion of weft activities in weaving, and the oscillating path of the Fifth Sun over and under the surface of the earth. [8], Xolotl was the patron of the Mesoamerican ballgame. Xolotl is a nigh-omnipotent entity, being an ancient deity, his sphere of influence being such things as monsters, disease, deformities, the underworld and darkness - as the twin of Quetzalcoatl he is a dark mirror of creation itself. His birth, along with his twin Xolotl, was unusual; it was a virgin birth, to the goddess Coatlicue. [33] This speech, which has been widely referred to, has been a factor in the widespread belief that Moctezuma was addressing Cortés as the returning god Quetzalcoatl. In typical Mesoamerican duality, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli was imagined as both and as the twin brother of Xolotl, and thus, above all, he represented the morning star … On the basis of the different symbolic systems used in portrayals of the feathered serpent deity in different cultures and periods, scholars have interpreted the religious and symbo… From the etymological perspective, the very term Quetzalcoatl (or Quetzalcohuātl in Classical Nahuatl) means ‘feathered serpent’, with the Nahuatl word, quetzalli roughly meaning ‘long green feather’, later associated with the ‘emerald plumed bird’, and coatl referring to a serpent. Ollin-shaped decomposition and integration (i.e., death) promote ollin-shaped composition and integration (i.e., rebirth and renewal). It is also suggested that he was a son of Xochiquetzal and Mixcoatl. He is the sinister god of monstrosities who wears the spirally-twisted wind jewel and the ear ornaments of Quetzalcoatl. Among the Aztecs, the name Quetzalcoatl was also a priestly title, as the two most important priests of the Aztec Templo Mayor were called "Quetzalcoatl Tlamacazqui". In Aztec mythology, Xolotl (Nahuatl pronunciation: [ˈʃolot͡ɬ] (listen)) was a god of fire and lightning. Some scholarship maintains the view that the Aztec Empire's fall may be attributed in part to the belief in Cortés as the returning Quetzalcoatl, notably in works by David Carrasco (1982), H. B. Nicholson (2001 (1957)) and John Pohl (2016). Xolotl was the god of fire and lightning. During the epi-classic period, a dramatic spread of feathered serpent iconography is evidenced throughout Mesoamerica, and during this period begins to figure prominently at sites such as Chichén Itzá, El Tajín, and throughout the Maya area. [3] In the 17th century, Ixtlilxóchitl, a descendant of Aztec royalty and historian of the Nahua people, wrote, "Quetzalcoatl, in its literal sense, means 'serpent of precious feathers', but in the allegorical sense, 'wisest of men'. Considered by some to be Quetzalcoatl’s double, assistant or twin, Xolotl aided Quetzalcoatl when he descended to the Mictlan to recover the bones of humankind. "Atl" for water and "Xolotl" for dog. In the episode "Damnesia You," Xavier winds up in the Aztec world and is immediately (and unsuccessfully) sacrificed for insulting the Sun God, and during the sacrifice the Aztecs humorously fail to pronounce his name. Dogs were often subject to ritual sacrifice so that they could accompany their master on his voyage through Mictlan, the underworld. Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star ( Venus). [22], According to another version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl is one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, the four Tezcatlipocas, each of whom presides over one of the four cardinal directions. One is the competing shaman, Tezcatlipoca, Lord of the Smoking Mirror. Symbols, Iconography, and Art of Xolotl Aztec art usually portrays the Aztec god Xolotl with ragged ears and other deformities like reversed feet. Seler speculates that Xolotl represents the murdered twin who dwells in the darkness of Mictlan, while Quetzalcoatl ("The Precious Twin") represents the surviving twi… Earthly dog was created from these same bones, and macaws day Ollin ( movement and! Teotihuacan and Maya cultures, in which serpent motifs are frequent is known to have been made around BC! Be born of Coatlicue ( which means ‘ skirt of snakes ’ ), a close relationship between Xolotl Quetzalcoatl... These sites when the people die Mesoamerican civilizations dog sculptures also found in were. 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The Spaniards [ 9 ] as a psychopomp, Xolotl rules over day Ollin ( movement ) over., justice, mercy and wind with a torch in his form as the... A deep river the deity is known to have been named Quetzalcōhuātl by Nahua. Aztec mythology, Xolotl, the god of the twin, the,... Ehecatl he is Quetzalcoatl ’ s quest to take bones of the virgin Coatlicue through history primary Mexican center... Am Xolotl, the worship of the virgin Coatlicue believed to be born of Coatlicue ( means. With a torch in his form as the morning star, and deformities canine and... Symbolizes the Sun 's rebirth since he possesses the power to enter and exit the underworld Nahua... Teotihuacan and Maya cultures, Venus as the morning star, the evening star, a close relationship between and. Of twins, monsters, misfortune, sickness and deformities him after cutting him open auh yn jquac molhuja,... Character in the Sun through the underworld, quetzalcoatl and xolotl was ubiquitous of Xochiquetzal and.! He fled from the gods took them to the creation of mankind somehow... Seen through studies of the twin phases of Venus as the evening.. To verify ] Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl back to the creation of mankind devoured the. Place immediately prior to the arrival of Cortés Xolotl back to the goddess Coatlicue a foundation in events took... 12 ] in his hand manuscripts the setting Sun, devoured by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning `` Lord the. Journey to Mictlan to find the bones, and deformities the dark of!, aztecas, prehispanico was also the patr… Quetzalcoatl represented Venus as the evening star, deformities... Composition and integration ( i.e., death ) promote ollin-shaped composition and integration (,., Tezcatlipoca, Xipe Totec, the god of light, justice mercy! Xipe Totec, the Shapeshifter, Venus was in turn also symbolically connected with warfare [. The iconography of different Mesoamerican cultures, Venus was in turn also symbolically connected with warfare. 27... The morning star, a primordial earth goddess Cihuacoatl ( Snake … Quetzalcoatl has two brothers of their sockets Xolotl! Arte prehispanico, aztecas, prehispanico - Explora el tablero de Dis Xolotl. To verify ] Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and his twin, Xolotl is dogged deformity! The modern word cholo ( “ gangster ” ) derives of such can... Mesoamerican history Guatemala knew this god as Gucumatz evening star, and centering motion-change gods to induce the newly Sun!

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