Promising approaches for developing immunogens and adjuvants must now be reapplied to NHP models to develop more efficacious vaccines that can then be retested in humans. Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. There is no good solution to this problem, which is outside the control of the end users of the animals. These include: the expense of isolating oocytes or embryos from NHPs and the small numbers of these biological materials that can be obtained from any given female; the long generation time of NHPs relative to rodents (months or years rather than weeks); expense associated with maintaining colonies of genetically modified animals; and the relatively small numbers of laboratories that have command of all the technologies necessary for successful generation and propagation of mutant animals. x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j
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Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. Projects The reviews herein provide detailed information that updates and augments these papers and websites. Department of Health, Office of Newborn Screening. (2008). JE
The New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior." [1] Annual membership to the NNEVS gives you access to CME events, networking opportunities and much more. Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. This phenomenon, however, is also highly nuanced. Dr. Capaldos verbal testimony: Committee on Chimpanzees in , Callaway EM, Churchland P, Caddick SJ, Feng G, Homanics GE, Lee K-F, Leopold DA, Miller CT, Mitchell JF, Mitalipov S, Moutri AR, Movshon JA, Okano H, Reynolds, JH, Ringach D, Sejnowski TJ, Silva AC, Strick PL, Wu J, Zhang F. Bimber
[13][14] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[15] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure. Rubio
The cost of genomic sequencing is, at best, approximately $2000 per animal, not including the significant personnel costs necessary to analyze the data (Bimber et al. Webin researchan issue it has been working on for many decades. WebNEW ENGLAND ANtI-VIVISECtIoN SoCIEtY Phone: Fax: Email: 617.523.6020 617.523.7925 info@neavs.org presidents Annual Message support to end chimpanzee use in biomedical research, our work has, as importantly, set the stage for arguments regard-ing the use of all species. Q
This article discusses the development of preclinical NHP models, tests of potential therapies, and methods for neuroprotection. Combined and coordinated use of NHPs, other relevant animal models, and alternatives could enhance the ability to successfully develop pharmaceuticals with improved probability of success in human clinical trials. Matthew Banks and colleagues review many of the preclinical studies aimed at understanding the etiology of substance abuse disorders (drug addiction) and developing therapies using preclinical animal models, particularly NHPs. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Highly visible organizations, such as the Humane Society of the United States (http://www.humanesociety.org/) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (http://www.neavs.org/), called here, for shorthand, animal rights organizations, actively oppose animal-based research. . WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the Read more about what to send here. Pgs. There is a distinct disconnect between the very high level of support of the pubic for medical research aimed at ameliorating disease and the discomfort of many with the animal-based research that is essential for development of pharmaceuticals and vaccines. Strange
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In some cases, NHPs may be the only relevant animal models for a particlular translational study. , Ellis LM. 2017) and the mandate by a small number of US Congress members in 2016 for the NIH to review its policies on the oversight of NHP research (Grimm 2016; see the NIH final report at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf, which reaffirmed the importance of NHP research). Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). Mapping, rather than sequencing per se, has been used successfully to identify Quantitative Trait Loci in baboons that contribute to complex diseases (Cox et al. , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park
In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. In practice, as is clear from the papers in this issue, several different animal models may be used to study a specific problem in translational science. National Association for Biomedical Research Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This issue of the ILAR Journal provides in-depth reviews of the use and value of nonhuman primates (NHPs) for translational research. Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. Marina Emborg summarizes the features of three major neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons diseases. Marr, [91] D. Disharoon, B.G. WebThats why we created the animal protection movements first publicly accessible research and transparency toolthe Animal Research Laboratory Overview (ARLO). The Experimental Use of Chickens and Other Birds in Mustari
Funding agencies, in collaboration with investigators, may need to find mechanisms to increase support for NHP-related investigations that require larger numbers of certain types of animals, such as females. Vision research provides one of the most clear-cut examples of the advantages of NHP preclinical models because of the close physiological similarities between humans and NHPs. "[5], In anticipation of his retirement, Amory appointed a nominating committee that chose psychologist and former NEAVS board member, Theodora Capaldo, EdD, to succeed him. A major goal is to develop better drug formulations or new approaches that can sustain viral remission, also called a functional cure without ART, or eradicate virus completely, called a sterilizing or classic cure (NIH Office of AIDS Research 2017 ). The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal provide a rich and nuanced picture of the utility of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating human disease. , Brown LL, Murphy SJ, Grieder F, Silberberg SD. 2017). Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. The NHP translational community would benefit from a coordinated plan that shares animals and phenotyping data. If passed, GAPSCA would retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary and phase out the use of great apes in biomedical research. Animals provided by CROs are often used by pharmaceutical companies for toxicology testing and for some preclinical research. . , Ramakrishnan R, Cervera-Juanes R, Madhira R, Peterson SM, Norgren RBJr, Ferguson B. Capitanio
, Raveendran M, Harris RA, Fawcett GL, Liu X, White S, Dahdouli M, Rio Deiros D, Below JE, Salerno W, Cos L, Fan G, Ferguson B, Horvath J, Johnson Z, Kanthaswamy S, Kubisch HM, Liu D, Platt M, Smith DG, Sun B, Vallender EJ, Wang F, Wiseman RW, Chen R, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Yu F, Rogers J. Zubari
It will be important for the NHP research community to have a discussion with NIH to fully understand expectations for NHP-based grant proposals. This review also briefly discusses approaches such as gene therapy, stem cell-based technologies, neuro-prosthetics, and optogenetics that can be used to restore retinal function, leading to amelioration of retinal diseases. These authors also comment on emerging areas in the field of female reproduction, including infection with Zika virus and the potential use of transgenic technologies such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, to create new disease models relevant to translational research related to womens reproductive health. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 2016). Maine Biomedical Research Cltn is categorized under Foundation Educational Philanthropic Research (SIC code 8733). %PDF-1.5
In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). I thank the many practitioners of NHP-based research with whom I had conversations over many years at the NIH. 2016), using small numbers of females. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. The United States is the only country that continues wide-scale housing of chimpanzees in laboratories and permits their use in invasive research. The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. NHPs provide particularly useful preclinical models for studying these conditions, because, like humans, optimal visual acuity depends on frontally placed eyes, retinal specializations, and binocular vision. Marr, K.B. [12] The resulting alternative was later used by a number of product and cosmetics companies. Considering animals as mere research tools, an entire industry has been built around supplying animals to laboratories. AV Magazine. NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. WebNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH reported its two largest programs on its FY 2020 Form 990 as: $802,445 Spent in most recent FY 66% Percent of program A second example is the varied stress that is experienced by macaques that are in different places in the dominance hierarchies within the colonies that are the basis of group housing of these animals. Campaigns: program work that aims to increase public awareness of and support to end the use of Animals in research or to change societal or institutional practices regarding general or specific Anti-Vivisection issues.education: program work that aims to educate and support students at all levels of public or private education and professional training regarding the use of alternatives to classroom animal use or to change educational institutional practices regarding the harmful use of Animals in education.grants/awards: program work that supports collaboration with like minded individuals and organizations. Cox
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Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. (2015), Phillips et al. Northern New England Vascular Society was founded by Betty LaBombard, Maryann Waters, Anne Musson and Nancy Gardner in 1994 as an Affiliate Chapter of the Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 05, 2013 -- The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, and its affiliate, the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), New York, continue their legacy of supporting scientists committed to non-animal research with the launch of their 2014-15 Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Currently, AFAAR and NEAVS offer a one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant to fund women researchers who work to develop, validate, or use animal alternatives in investigating women's health or sex differences in research results. Capitanio
WebAs previously reported by NABR, the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) has drastically increased its FOIA use by hundreds of requests per month. endobj
THE BIOETHICS OF GREAT APE WELL-BEING As reported by company scientists, estimates of failure rate range from 89% (Begley and Ellis 2012) to 7580% (Prinz et al. These concepts are in quite early stages of development, and their eventual contribution to translational research is uncertain (see, e.g., a discussion in the SCHEER Report, 2017). Animal Data Is Not Reliable for Human Health Research Efforts aimed at more extensive phenotyping of NHPs will be facilitated by the existing capability for imaging and behavioral testing already present at the NPRCs and elsewhere in the research community. Much of this discussion is centered around the use of rodents, not NHPs, and is based, in part, on two observations: First, data obtained from animal models obtained by academic laboratories and their industrial collaborators, published in highly regarded peer-reviewed journals, often cannot be reproduced by development teams within pharmaceutical companies. Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. The relatively large size of NHPs can also be important for sample collection, application of diagnostic assays, and imaging (see e.g., Havel et al. NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude).
Even when a variant animal is identified, there may be no phenotypic assay for the potential disease condition in the NHP. They discuss a number of studies in which the physiological features related to endocrine and metabolic studies in nonobese animals have been translated from original findings in rodents to the more relevant NHP model. Commercial airlines that once transported NHPs no longer do so. Robert Lanford and colleagues provide an in-depth review of the history and continuing issues around the use of chimpanzees to ameliorate these three forms of hepatitis, which are caused by three different, unrelated viruses. Some basic discoveries may be obtained from studies using rodents (reviewed by Zubari and Lutz 2016) and other models, such as zebrafish (Danio rario), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) (reviewed by Strange (2017)). [48], In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. Investigators in all parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia, would greatly benefit from reviews that summarize the capabilities of these Asian centers in more detail. Roth, D.W.M. The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. T
However, despite a relative lack of supply, investigators were able to develop a macaque-based model to help understand pathogenesis (Dudley et al. , Gibbs RM, Norgren RBJr. WebNeavs Profile and History Project R&R is committed to continuing to raise awareness and secure the release of all chimpanzees remaining in U.S. labs into sanctuary. BE
In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. All Rights Reserved. Identified 4 new grant, including a grant for, American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED), Supporters of Agricultural Research Foundation, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Private Foundation Excise Taxes on Undistributed Income, Gifts from Private Foundations to Donor Advised Funds, Interim Executive Director / Director of Development, Director of Government Relations and Policy, Net gain from sale of non-inventory assets. 2017). There is increasing realization that variation in genetics or other factors such as the social interactions of individual rhesus or cynomolgus macaques can influence experimental results. Researchers use these animals to learn about the dynamics of diseases, lifestyle or environmental effects on the disease, or treatment methods, and hope that the findings will relate in some way to people. A therapy or vaccine may, in its first application to humans, provide only partial efficacy or may raise critical questions that can only be answered by going back to animal models. M.J. Osmond, E. Korthals, C.J. National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
The majority of animals used in experiments are purposely bred for research. They note that NHPs are particularly useful preclinical models because of their genetic similarity to humans, size, and the relatively faster rate of development of CVD compared to humans. Kilkenny
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Harding at. These classes of animals are needed to keep breeding colonies at optimal levels to support the number and diversity of NHP-based translational studies and thus can be in short supply for investigations. 2014, reviewed in Harding 2017). The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal discuss many of these challenges and opportunities, some of which are noted briefly, below. In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. In many cases, preclinical investigations that have avoided use of NHPs have failed, for example for development of therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. New England Anti-Vivisection Society Wiki Hay
In January of 2017, NNEVS became an independent Non-Profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, no longer affiliated with SVU as a chapter. Phillips
These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). The ability of primate centers to quickly respond to relatively sudden increases in demand remains an unsolved problem. Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. JCI
There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. Believe it or not: How much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? [7], In September 2017, Nathan Herschler, J.D. Olsson
Spring 2005. NEAVS' campaign against hormone replacement therapy drugs made from the urine of pregnant horses encourages women to use alternatives. This article provides a detailed review of the use of NHP preclinical models to study several aspects of conditions associated with metabolic syndrome, including glucose resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. (2014), and Van Rompay (2017). However, although not always attained in practice, NHPs must usually be the animal model that is ultimately employed in the preclinical setting for evaluating efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical, vaccine, or device prior to human clinical trials. (2016). , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki
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In response to a request by members of the US Congress, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened a workshop in December of 2016 entitled, NIH Workshop on Ensuring the Continued Responsible Oversight of Research with Nonhuman Primates. The final report can be accessed at https://www.cnprc.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/NIH-NHP-Workshop-Report.pdf. Therefore, NHPs are usually a critical component in translational research projects aimed at developing therapeutics, vaccines, devices or other interventions aimed at preventing, curing or ameliorating human disease. In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. JD
[3], When Clement became president in 1911, his journalistic expertise boosted both public awareness of vivisection and membership in the organization. After an initial sequence is obtained, usually from one or two animals, refinement of the sequence assembly is performed based on sequencing the genome and transcriptomes of many more animals. This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. %
Lisa Miller and colleagues review the role of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating a number of severe respiratory conditions, including damage to the airway associated with inhaled ozone and tobacco smoke, diseases associated with airway inflammation (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and infection with viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, and others. 2016), microcephaly (Ke et al.
In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. Significantly, animal rights activity appears to be aimed at influencing members of the US Congress or the executive branch, who have direct influence over the budgets that are provided by the US government to the funding agencies. WebNew England Anti-Vivisection Society | 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 | Boston, MA 02108 PAPERS AVAILABLE ON REQUEST NAS/IOM Committee Meeting on The Use of Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. The website for the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) includes short discussions of the use of NHPs to study several different diseases (https://www.nprcresearch.org). Chan
These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. ARLO aims to [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. These new approaches cannot be pursued in the absence of an animal model that can replace the chimpanzee. Biomedical Vasbinder
Search for other works by this author on: Trial watch: Phase II and Phase III attrition rates, 20112012, Raise standards for preclinical cancer research, Whole-genome characterization in pedigreed non-human primates using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and imputation, Whole genome sequencing predicts novel human disease models in rhesus macaques, Naturally-occurring nonhuman primate models of psychosocial processes, Contributions of non-human primates to neuroscience research, Progress and prospects for genetic modification of nonhuman primate models in biomedical research, Genome editing in nonhuman primates: Approach to generating human disease models, Functional disruption of the dystrophin gene in rhesus monkey using CRISPR/Cas9, Exome screening to identify loss-of-function mutations in the rhesus macaque for development of preclinical models of human disease, Baboons as a model to study genetics and epigenetics of human disease, Nonhuman primates and translational researchcardiovascular disease, Marmosets are stars of Japans ambitious brain project, A rhesus macaque model of Asian-lineage Zika virus infection, Translational research in the nonhuman primate model of tuberculosis, Comparison of the Canadian and US laws, regulations, policies and systems of oversight for animals in research, Progress in genetics and genomics of nonhuman primates, Genomic tools for the use of nonhuman primates in translational research, Use and importance of nonhuman primates in metabolic disease research: Current state of the field, Clinical development success rates for investigational drugs, Accelerating biomedical discoveries through rigor and transparency, A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs, Development and validation of a SNP-based assay for inferring the genetic ancestry of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), TALEN-based generation of a cynomolgus monkey disease model for human microcephaly, Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research, The chimpanzee model of viral hepatitis: Advances in understanding the immune response and treatment of viral hepatitis, Autism-like behaviors and germline transmission in transgenic monkeys overexpressing MeCP2, The next step in translational research: Lessons learned from the first preclinical randomized controlled trial, Bringing genome-wide association findings into clinical use, In retrospect: A decade of shared genomic associations, Advances in vision science and prevention of blindness using nonhuman primates, National Association for Biomedical Research, National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Laboratory animal laws, regulations, guidelines and standards in China Mainland, Japan and Korea, Protecting animals and enabling research in the European Union: An overview of development and implementation of directive 2010/63/EU, Generation of transgenic marmosets expressing genetically encoded calcium indicators.