Available online at: https://sonix.ai/r/gf7b9enjv94nkrpJ1KqEa8mk/transcript.pdf (accessed May 9, 2022). is largely based morphologically (Maruyama et al., 2006; Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2013b; Borovika et al., 2015). This fungus is common throughout Europe and is also found in the subtropics and tropics (Asia, the Americas). Dunkelrandiger dngerling, gezoneerde vlek plaat (Dutch), gezonter dngerling, magusotake (Japanese, horse pasture mushroom). Mushrooms demystified : a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. crinitus, Plu. (2011b). (2019). phalaenarum. Phylogenetic relationships in the mushroom genus Coprinus and dark-spored allies based on sequence data from the nuclear gene coding for the large ribosomal subunit RNA: divergent domains, outgroups, and monophyly. 1st ed. Guzmn, G. (1978). Correct identification is essential because both Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus olivaceus are psychedelic while Panaeolina foenisecii is arguably not. Wijayawardene, N., Hyde, K., Al-Ani, L. K. T., Tedersoo, L., Haelewaters, D., Rajeshkumar, K. C., et al. The latter is distinguished by a rust-brown to the gray-brown, nonviscid cap, lack of annulus, and a partial veil that leaves fragments on the cap margin rather than a ring. Mycologia 68:447. doi: 10.2307/3759020. Wallingford: CAB International. Species of Armillaria, Galerina, and Gymnopilus (such as Gymnopilus junonius, and Gymnopilus spectabilis) (Figure 1L) have been reported as poisonous (Maeta et al., 2008; Konno, 2009; Chen et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2020). Psilocybin could be legal for therapy by 2021. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.188.2.2. papilionaceus, Pan. Panaeolus is a mushroom genus containing psychoactive species, worldwide distributed, commonly found in fields, pastures, gardens or in herbivore faeces. Guzmn, G., Ramrez, F., Escalona, F., and Jacobs, J. cyanescens is the most well-known psychoactive representative (Figure 1D; Badham, 1984) and contains high levels of psilocybin, that are even higher than those found in Psilocybe species (Musshoff et al., 2000; Maruyama et al., 2003). Rev. For example, Galerina autumnalis looks similar to Psilocybe stuntzii (Figure 1C), and results in sharp abdominal pain, violent vomiting, liver and kidney failure leading to possible death in 7 to 10 days if consumed accidentally (Stamets, 1996). Hatfield, G., and Valdes, L. (1978). Where mostly ITS sequence data is available, more genes should be added for phylogenetics, and numerous more species remain to be sequenced. tude chromataxinomique sur lesPanaeolus, recherches sur les prsences des corps indoliques psychotropes dans ces champignons. Brief molecular data for species in each genus is also provided. Mycotaxon 134, 739761. Know anything about it? Hallucinogenic mushrooms. Beihefte zur Nov. Hedwigia. Panaeolus semiovatus is recognized by a viscid, cream-colored, wrinkled cap and annulate stipe. Sacc. Panaeolus semiovatusFries (Lundell) [syn. 1989. This old English illustration of poisonous mushrooms or those that are usually not eaten may represent aPanaeolusspecies with a wavy cap. Allen, John W., and Mark D. Merlin. This review provides an overview of only Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus, their current taxonomy and ecology. rubricaulis, Pan. Mitochond. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.284.3.3, Maeta, K., Ochi, T., Tokimoto, K., Shimomura, N., Maekawa, N., Kawaguchi, N., et al. Cheilocystidia 2565 x 7.510 m; cylindric to sublageniform; flexuous; with subclavate to subcapitate apices; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. A systematic revision of the known species including the history, distribution and chemistry of the hallucinogenic species. There is no consensus about the correct taxonomic position of fungi in the genera Panaeolus and Panaeolina, which some authorities include in the family Strophariaceae and others in the Bolbitiaceae. Panaeolus antillarum(Fries) Dennis sensu Dennis [syn. Mushroom J. amzn_assoc_title = "Top Selling Mushroom Supplements"; Prog. He, M. Q., Zhao, R. L., Hyde, K. D., Begerow, D., Kemler, M., Yurkov, A., et al. doi: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832627, McKernan, K., Kane, L. T., Crawford, S., Chin, C.-S., Trippe, A., and McLaughlin, S. (2021). salicinus, and Plu. doi: 10.1017/S0953756201005445, Tth, A., Hausknecht, A., Krisai-Greilhuber, I., Papp, T., Vgvlgyi, C., and Nagy, L. G. (2013). Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of Holarctic species of Pluteus section Pluteus (Agaricales: Pluteaceae), with description of twelve new species. Is Panaeolus Semiovatus psychoactive? (Actually some specimens, like the one pictured below, constutute much more than half an egg!). Come find out the supplement industry's dirty secret. Cookie Notice doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.012, Kalichman, J., Kirk, P. M., and Matheny, P. B. doi: 10.3852/14-312, Menolli, N., Justo, A., Arrillaga, P., Pradeep, C. K., Minnis, A. M., and Capelari, M. (2014). Is "Sass" a natural form of MDMA (or MDA)? Panaeolus tropicalesOlah [syn. Gartz, J. 1935. IMA Fungus 1, 143147. The need for reviews and comprehensive field guides is urgent due to the recent surge of research into psychedelic mushrooms along with public interest. Psychedelic drug research will increase globally and so will the research on at least 300 species of psychedelic mushrooms, divided across Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, Gymnopilus and other genera also containing psychedelic species such as Amanita, Copelandia, Inocybe, and Pholiotina (Guzmn et al., 1998; Metzner, 2005; Reingardiene et al., 2005; Oxford Analytica, 2021). I take their products every day and they have helped me think better and have more energy. Panaeolina castaneifolius(Murr.) (2003). Guzmn (1983) and Singer (1986) recognised Psilocybe in the Hymenogastraceae, and included non-bluing and non-psychedelic species (Redhead and Guzmn, 1985; Stamets, 1996; Guzmn, 2012). Its common names are the shiny mottlegill, or egghead mottlegill. Berkeley: Ronin Publishing. List of Panaeolus Species | List Panaeolus Species doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056143, Tyls, F., Palenicek, T., and Horacek, J. Panaeolus - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader Allen (2012) reported 146 species that either had bluing reactions or confirmed the presence of psilocybin and psilocin using physico-chemical methods. LSD: my problem child. It was not until 1938 that the Egghead Mottlegill obtained its currently-accepted scientific name; that was when American mycologist Seth Lundell (1892 - 1966) transferred this species to the genus Panaeolus. These include Pluteus atricapillus, Plu. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.10.028, Maruyama, T., Shirota, O., Kawahara, N., Yokoyama, K., Makino, Y., and Goda, Y. doi: 10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.312.1.4, Kinge, T. R., Goldman, G., Jacobs, A., Ndiritu, G. G., and Gryzenhout, M. (2020). 55, 34. doi: 10.1002/tax.12240. Found in tropical regions of Hawaii, central Africa, and Cambodia (cf. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101273, Chen, Z., Zhang, P., and Zhang, Z. Copelandia cyanescens] prefers to grow on cow or horse dung. (Most gilled fungi were initially placed in a giant Agaricus genus, but the majority have since been redistributed to other genera leaving the 'true mushrooms' in Agaricus.) Received: 12 November 2021; Accepted: 07 April 2022;Published: 23 May 2022. (2010). It has been found in central Africa and southern Sudan. Quel. darkening to black as the spores mature; often paler at the edge; adnate cebolinhae, Plu. Mycotaxon 119, 6581. doi: 10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0528, Thomas, K., Peintner, U., Moser, M., and Manimohan, P. (2002). karstedtiae, Plu. 23, 357400. [syn. (2008). Beitrge zur Kenntnis der Pilze Mitteleuropas3:22327. Mycol. alcis, Pan. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(84)90007-2, Badotti, F., De Oliveira, F. S., Garcia, C. F., Vaz, A. The Guide to N. American Mushrooms doesn't list its edibility status. Nord. Panaeolus albovelutinus. andpsilocybin. ater, Pan. A new psilocybian species ofCopelandia. Rysslands, Finlands och den Skandinaviska halfns Hattsvampar. Seattle: Pacific Northwest Fungi Project. To date, human and animal studies have shown that psilocybin is non-addictive and has short- and long-term benefits in mood disorders, abuse disorders and chronic pain (Amsterdam et al., 2011; Carhart-Harris et al., 2016; Hanks and Gonzlez-Maeso, 2016; Tyls et al., 2016; Hartman, 2018; Johnson et al., 2018; Dos Santos et al., 2019; Castellanos et al., 2020; Reiff et al., 2020). Serotonergic hallucinogens/psychedelics could be promising treatments for depressive and anxiety disorders in end-stage cancer. Panaeolus cambodginiensisOlah et Heim [syn. Mmoires la Socit dmulation Montbliard 2. The genus Psilocybe. Pragae, Ser. A., and Horgen, P. A. (1996). Myth Debunking: Is adrenochrome harvested from children? DNA technologies are allowing researchers to identify fungi at faster rates and higher accuracy than morphological methods (Mullineux and Hausner, 2009; Zhang et al., 2016; Badotti et al., 2017; OHanlon, 2018). Anamika, a new mycorrhizal genus of Cortinariaceae from India and its phylogenetic position based on ITS and LSU sequences. cyanescens have genome sequences available (NCBI, 2021). doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.434.1.3, Iliffe, R. (2010). (2013b). (2011). Also observed in Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Indonesia and Cambodia. (2018). (PDF) PANAEOLUS (AGARICALES) from WESTERN PARAN STATE - ResearchGate J. Tradit. doi: 10.1080/1355621021000005937, Peintner, U., Bougher, N. L., Castellano, M. A., Moncalvo, J. M., Moser, M. M., Trappe, J. M., et al. Limpopo: Retha van der Walt. Saupe, S. G. (1981). Panaeolus cyanescens). Heim, Roger, Albert Hofmann, and H. Tscherter. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800212-4.00074-1. 18, 805831. Hallucinogens: circuits, behavior, and translational models, in Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. The reddish brown lamellae are emarginate and later turn black because of the spores. See also the entries forPanaeolus cyanescensandPanaeouls subbalteatus. Plant Taxon. Copelandia tropicales(Olah) Sing. Panaeolus campanulatus,Panaeolus sphinctrinus] is psychoactive. (2010). Microscopic characteristics include spores with verrucose to rugulose ornamentation, no germ pore, and dextrinoid walls, and spore prints are a rusty brown (Holec, 2005). It is initially moist and brown but fades in the center as it dries, so that the margin often appears much darker (which accounts for its German namedunkelrandiger dngerling(dark-banded dung mushroom). 61, 152. The secotioid genus Galeropsis (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota): a real taxonomic unit or ecological phenomenon? Phytotaxa 180, 185. List of Panaeolus species - Wikipedia Fungal Divers 64, 123131. semiovatus per Gerhardt 1996) . doi: 10.1007/S12272-020-01213-6, Lenz, C., Wick, J., Braga, D., GarciaAltares, M., Lackner, G., Hertweck, C., et al. and can appear at any time of year provided the ground is not frozen. 113, 389395. White when young, gradually turning off white to grey in colour.Gills: On the underside of fruiting body, turning black with age.Stem: Long central stipe, up to 22cm tall and 2cm wide. Panaeolus alcidis, a new species from Scandinavia and Canada. sphinctrinus, Pan. 10th ed. Dark brown to purple-brown or nearly black. Minnis, A. M. (2008). Noordeloos, M. E. (2011). 8-18 cm long; up to 1.5 cm thick; equal above a slightly enlarged base; smooth or powdery; whitish; with a high, thin ring that becomes blackened by spores and often disappears. Clinical observations on the effect ofPanaeolus venenosusversusPsilocybe caerulescensmushrooms. Boy, A., Lopez, V., Dave, J., Aquino, C., Undan, J. Q., Grace, K., et al. 62, 404412. Botany 91, 573591. Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. Coprinaceae (Ink Caps); Subfamily Panaeoloideae The cosmopolitan genusPanaeolus, with more than twenty species, forms fragile fruiting bodies that are small to medium in size. Pan. Copelandia papilionacea(Bull. Stipe (stem): 50-60 mm long by 2-4 mm thick. 23, 851854. Type studies of Psilocybe sensu lato (Strophariaceae, Agaricales). doi: 10.2307/3761920, Halling, R. E., Ammirati, J. F., Traquair, J. . J. Ethnopharmacol. Gymnopilus dunensis, a new species from Punjab province, Pakistan. This page includes pictures kindly contributed by David Kelly. cyanescens (McKernan et al., 2021; NCBI, 2021). Three classifications have been proposed for the division of Psilocybe into subgenera (Guzmn, 1978; Singer, 1986; Noordeloos, 2011). et Br.) Redhead et al. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true"; antillarum, Pan. glaucus, Plu. la Soc. Species of Psilocybe (Hymenogastraceae) from Yunnan, Southwest China. PLeurocystidia not found. Stein, Sam I. doi: 10.5248/119.65. and our The Panaeolus genus includes some of the most-potent psycoactive species known, but it also includes some that are not psychoactive at all (some authorities have placed the psychoactive species in a separate genus, Copelandia, in recognition of the distinction).P. Panaeolus antillarum is a small-medium sized mushroom with a bell-shaped cap on a long and relatively thin stem. Psilocybian mycetismus with special reference toPanaeolus. Soc. [5], Wild Panaeolus semiovatus var. The pale lamellae become increasingly dark as the black spores develop. The genus Gymnopilus (Fungi, Agaricales) in the Czech Republic with respect to collections from other European countries. Ediriweera, S., Wijesundera, R. L. C., Nanayakkara, C., and Weerasena, J. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. PLoS One 8:e63972. This review discusses species identification, taxonomy and classification, available DNA. Pluteus is a large genus of at least 500 species and is typified by Pluteus cervinus (Figure 1G; Kirk et al., 2008; Justo et al., 2011b; Wijayawardene et al., 2020). One other obvious difference between fungi in these two genera can be seen provided you have access to a high-powered microscope: you will see that the spores of Panaeolus fungi are smooth while those of Panaeolinus are minutely roughened. It is not chemically related to either MDMA or other stimulants. (2010). Le genre Panaeolus: Essai taxinomique et physiologique. Pileipellis cellular/hymeniform, with pileocystidia. Psilocybe are regularly found in substrates such as soil, dung, wood, and mosses (Stamets, 1996). doi: 10.1520/jfs2004276, Oxford Analytica (2021). halonatus, Plu. The information found on healing-mushrooms.net is strictly the author expressing an opinion. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Panaeolus antillarum gained notoriety as the Hysteria fungus in Australia in the 1940s due to being associated with hallucinations following consumption, further clarification identified a different species Panaeolus cyanescens that although macroscopically similar they are different mushrooms. doi: 10.1080/87559129709541134, Krebs, T. S., and Johansen, P. O. This species was described in 1800 by Christiaan Hendrick Persoon, who named it Agaricus panaeolinia. doi: 10.1093/jtm/tax068, Gartz, J. Fungal diversity associated with Brazilian energy transmission towers. Int. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d150202, Khan, J., Kiran, M., Jabeen, S., Sher, H., and Khalid, A. N. (2017). Attached to the stem, or pulling away from it with maturity; close; whitish to grayish or brownish when young, but soon developing black areas and acquiring a mottled appearance; eventually black overall. Pocket Guide Mushrooms of South Africa. While this mushroom is regarded as psychoactive, it does not always contain active substances (Merlin and Allen 1993**). 13, 119. Change 5:813998. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2022.813998. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Panaeolus antillarum and P. papilionaceus var.. (2014) described Psilocybe chuxiongensis (Figure 1B) and Psilocybe cinnamomea from China based on the ITS, nrLSU, rpb2, and tef1- genes. Stijve, T. 1987. Some authorities say that the Egghead Mottlegill is an edible mushroom, but many more categorise it as inedible. Rogan, J. angulospora from Taiwan (Wang and Tzean, 2015). Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest related to mushroom poisoning: A case report. (2018). An Overview on the Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Ecology of the Guzmn, G., Guilln, F. R., Hyde, K. D., and Karunarathna, S. C. (2012). Pluteus includes a few species that are psilocybin producing. Guzmn, G. (2008). Osmundson, T. W., Robert, V. A., Schoch, C. L., Baker, L. J., Smith, A., Robich, G., et al. Molecular identification of Lyophyllum connatum and Paneolus shinctrinus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from Himalyan moist temperature forests of Pakistan. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.428.1.5, Borovika, J. Thesis. He et al. Stropharia drying smooth and shiny but tending to wrinkle in dry weather. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.496.2.4, Shaffer, R. L., and Singer, R. (1976). (2001). Morphological characteristics of Psilocybe species often include bluing, indicative of the presence of psilocybin, for example, recently described in Psilocybe chuxiongensis, Psi.