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It claims that 1520,000 people attended the meeting. The 1953 All-Pakistan Shia Convention had been held at the same premises, see section 3.2, pp. According to his own account, he had since 1956 been performing most functions of the ITHS Secretary-General in the place of Justice S. Jamil Husain Rizvi who had been elected to that post in the same year (Razkr 24/1415:11). He argued that this religious taxtheoretically one fifth of the net annual savings of the Shia believers217Closecould only be spent for the support of needy sayyids.218Close But this had never been the case in Shia religious practice anywhere. The secularist orientation of Ayub Khan, Pakistans first military ruler, was initially welcomed by many Shias. At that time, five Shias were members of the West Pakistan Assembly, all of whom were apparently absent at the day the bill was passed. The sudden acceptance of the main Shia demands after almost five years of temporising was probably more than anything else a result of the political impasse which the Ayub Khan regime had reached by late 1968. The memorandum contained the following admonition: It is a need of the time that you intervene personally and confirm without further delay that we are entitled to our guaranteed religious freedom and fundamental civil rights according to the constitution which you yourself have promulgated, and the enforcement of which is your responsibility as the Head of State.193Close, Ayub Khan, who was at that time approaching the final stage of his contest for re-election as President against Fatima Jinnah,194Close replied in a conciliatory vein: since his government wished the well-being of the entire people without discrimination and fully supported religious freedom, he regretted that some complaints remained from the side of the Shias. Was it the purpose of the martyrdom of Husain that majliskhwn would become a trade? 29698; Naqvi, Controversy, pp. 3840. See sections 4.3, pp. It made clear that the Central Organising Secretary of the SMC had never consented to cooperation with the APSC.365Close, In a message to the Shias prior to the session of the ten-member Board, Dihlavi had portrayed his acceptance of five Sunnis in that board as a sign of goodwill, because, as he put it, we have neither a conflict with the Sunnis, nor are they concerned by our demands.366Close This was little more than wishful thinking. 24054; Salim, Iskandar Mirza, 295310. He deems it a splendid sign of leadership to accept titles such as Nib-i Imm,132Close yatullh fl-Alamain,133Close Hujjat ul-Islm wal-Muslimn,134Close orator (khatb) or preacher (wiz). According to an unofficial and unverified estimate, between 700 and 5,000 Pakistan Shias from Karachi, Parachinar, and Gilgit-Baltistan, recruited by Iran, went to Syria to fight against the . Thus the procession [in Lahore] was attacked by people who had ganged up with that intention, and who comprised dozens of people from other quarters apart from those affected by the rioting. Even in cities like Lahore, Karachi and Multan there were only a few quarters with a Shia majority in 1963. The conflict as such had surfaced in Pakistan already in the 1950s, with some ulam from the dn madris complaining about how the zkirs and preachers would be misleading the Shia awm and distracting them from their religious obligations.215Close In 1959 one of the most successful preachers and munzirs, Maulana Muhammad Ismail (190176),216Close struck back. As regards the demand for unrestricted freedom of Azadari, the Government would like to make it clear that every such request has necessarily to be considered in the light of the law and order situation of the area to which it pertains. Karachi, On 19th Jan 2009, 15 years old seraiki community Imam Bargah "Babul Hawaij" Gulistan-e-Johar Karachi has been demolished by S.H.O, Police Station Gulistan-e-Johar name Nasrullah (YAZEED), On 15th Jan 2009 S.H.O, Nasrullah (YAZEED) along with police constabulary attack Imam Bargah Babul Hawaij destroyed ALAM BUBARAK (GHAZI ABBAS) and thrown all the wall around the ALAM BUBARAK, On . The text quoted above contains perhaps the most honest explanation ever given by the TAS for its fierce opposition against Shia public religious ceremonies. The advocate Shaikh Muhammad Abd ul-Aziz Akhtar from Rahimyar Khan had prepared draft statutes for all SMCs, and a twenty-four-member commission headed by S. Ali Husain Shah Gardezi was formed to revise them.325Close Three subcommittees to deal with the three demands were also formed, headed by Najm ul-Hasan Kararvi (dnyt), S. Israr Husain (auqf) and S. Ali Shah Bukhari (azdr).326Close S. Muhammad Dihlavi himself chaired a fourteen-member liaison committee for contacting government officials that notably excluded Nawab Qizilbash.327Close A five-member commission was also formed for managing the finances of the central SMC.328Close Twelve resolutions were passed at the Multan Convention; Resolution No. 2,720 khums since its foundation ten years earlier. That would apparently imply a ban on conversion from Sunni Islam to Shiism, too. Mirza Athar Sahib (India) 10. Among them were the ulam Khwaja Muhammad Latif Ansari, Hafiz Saifullah and Nsir Husain; the latter two were sentenced to 6 months of prison each (ibid.). , Pakistan is a democratic country where the rights of all citizens are equal and where it is a fundamental right to make use of public places for gatherings etc. The history of Islam is telling us that after the death of the Prophet the question of the caliphate has been contested among the Muslims and that Ali and his followers (shn) have chosen to become the opposition party. Shaiq Ambalvi, for his part, had written in a derogatory way about Dihlavis movement in Asad in early June; see Razkr 30/23:3 (16 June 1967). On alleged ghulw (exaggeration) in Shia religious practice in Pakistan see sections 4.4, pp. The President had agreed in principle and declared his readiness to form a mixed board with adequate Shia representation to revise syllabi and make recommendations for the removal of such contents which would be objectionable for Shias. She was born on June 21 16, 1980, in Lahore, Pakistan. S. Mubarak Ali Shah (190075), a landlord and descendant of Shah Jiwna (Jhang District), was one of the few former Shia deputies and ministers who had frequently spoken out on Shia interests and demands.64Close He would later become a loyal supporter of S. Muhammad Dihlavi,65Close whereas Shamsi, who was formally elected Secretary-General of the ITHS at the April 1961 convention,66Close already in that year criticised initiatives to found a new organisation to replace both the ITHS and APSC.67Close At a session of the ITHS Council in October 1962 he submitted his resignation due to chronic illness and too much private occupation but was urged by all Council members to stay in his post.68Close Apparently he had been against the 1964 Karachi ulam convention and the new leadership role of S. Muhammad Dihlavi from the start, although he came out openly in opposition to him only two years thereafter.69Close. In 1945 he was among those founding members of the JUI who supported the Muslim League. the belief that God delegated some of his powers to the Imams; see Naqvi, Controversy, pp. Literally delegation, i.e. 8283; 4.4, pp. By September 1960, already 800 auqf were covered by the new regulations (Razkr 23/37:1; 1 October 1960). The respect for religion is vanishing. Nasr, Vanguard, pp. The new building was ready only in mid-1972, see Razkr 36/24:1 (24 June 1972); Paym-i Amal 16/5:27 (July 1972). Possibly it took place on the sidelines of a visit of Princess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran in Lahore on 11 November (Pakistan Times, 12 November 1964). But he has no right to put himself above the law and try to correct them by force. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Last year, nearly 400 were. Shortly after an independent branch of the ITHS was set up in Karachi; see also section 4.5, p. 138. Razkr 24/1415:8. Born into Sunni family, in his early teens, he attended religious institution headed by his father. Experience has shown that this method has not done harm to the unity of Muslims, but has rather been useful for it. See the full text in Razkr 26/4647:3 (16 December 1963). In a series of articles published in al-Muballigh under the title Islh ul-majlis wal-mahfil over one year he elaborated on the benefits of majlis which were conducted properly, but denied most of the majlis which were regularly held by Shia communities all over Pakistan any status of religious worship (ibdat).264Close His principal argument was that , No act can be termed worship as long as it is not performed with purity of intention (khuls-i nyat), i.e. Translated from al-Muballigh 10/2:4 (March 1966). I., p. 410; quoted in Naqvi, Controversy, p. 144. Quoted from Pakistan Times, 2 November 1968. 13942, 42148. During his stay as Friday preacher in Toba Tek Singh he converted to Shiism around 1935. Since 1958 he lived in Karachi, serving for the Publications Department of the government and later teaching at Karachi University. Dissatisfaction with both the ITHS and the APSC had increased after a promising attempt to merge them had failed in early 1958.124Close New attempts and initiatives were resumed in the following years,125Close but it became clear that the leading members of both organisations were not ready to relinquish anything of their status as spokesmen of the Shias. He was an activist of the Muslim League in the 1940s and made an academic career, becoming Head of the Department of Islamic Studies and later Vice-Chancellor of the Punjab University. The full protocol is reproduced in Razkr 26/36:311 (24 September 1963). Those Shia ulam who had been the driving force behind the founding of madris since 1949 became now more assertive and ambitious. Literally: one who is cutting short; the word also means sinner or guilty in Urdu. The controversy was going on for several months in the fall of that year, with both sides asking for fatws from S. Muhsin al-Hakim (Najaf) and S. Ahmad Ali (Lucknow); see Razkr 25/38:4; 25/40:5+8; 25/42:3+9; 25/47:1+8 (8 October16 December 1962). 17677.). But without giving any reason, Muzaffar Ali Shamsi was included among the five invited Shias instead of Mubarak Ali Shah, provoking a boycott of the meeting by the other four.211Close During the last months of 1965 the movement of S. Muhammad Dihlavi reached a low point, not only because of the war and its aftermath, but also due to increasing Shia infighting. But Sunnis will never have the right to oblige Shias to have the same belief about the first three Caliphs as the Sunnis themselves have just as the Shias would have no right to demand from Sunnis to acknowledge the Imams of the ahl-i bait as masm and as their religious leaders 115Close, The ITHS was allowed to hold an oratory meeting in Lahore (Karbal-i Gme Shh) to protest the Muharram events only more than four months later (18 October 1963).116Close By that time, preparations to organise an alternative platform for the defence of Shia rights had already reached their final stage in Karachi.117Close In December 1963 the Inquiry Committee published excerpts of its report on Lahore; (other parts were withheld in order not to obstruct the ongoing efforts for reconciliation).118Close It mentioned propaganda and counter-propaganda which had stirred up sectarian tensions during the last years, but refrained from putting the blame on the TAS or on any specific individuals. Since no significant headway had been made trough all meetings with representatives of the state within seven months, an All-Pakistan Shia Convention was called for in Rawalpindi on 2830 August 1964 to discuss further steps. Report in Razkr 24/1415:813 (816 April 1961). According to the 196061 annual report of the Anjuman-i Muhammadya Sargodha, syllabi were unified after the April 1960 meeting (Supplement to al-Muballigh 5/2 [March 1961] p. August 1963 (Razkr 26/32:3). See a complete list of members in Razkr 29/38:6 (1 October 1966). She is very talented, gorgeous and hard working. events and sayings handed down from the life of the ahl al-bait. What's particularly alarming is the rate of increase of Shia deaths in Pakistan in recent years. On Rizvi see section 5.4, p. 158. 25,000 for his services, he immediately donated them to a fund for Khoja Twelver Shia mosques. Marhum Feroz Haider (India) 9. I.e. No confirmation of this meeting or list of participants could be obtained from daily press sources. 13940. I.e those who can only grasp the husk (qashr) of religious knowledge; see Naqvi, Controversy, p. 142. On his contribution to the movement in 1968 see section 4.5, p. 144. Razkr 25/42:4 (8 November 1962); Shamsi repeated his resignation with the same result at an ITHS Council meeting in Rawalpindi in August 1964, at that time ordered by S. Muhammad Dihlavi himself to stay in office (Razkr 27/2728:5; 18 September 1964). Is it not possible that they are wrong themselves? A milestone in this respect was the translation of Shaikh Ibn Babuya as-Sadduqs Aqid mazhab al-sha by S. Manzur Husain Bukhari (Sargodha) with lengthy commentaries from Muhammad Husain Dhakko, which was published in 1964 under the title Ahsan ul-fawid f sharhi l-aqid.257Close With this book Dhakko laid the ground for a controversy that was still going on more than three decades later. They cannot agree with each other on the organisation of the dn madris because it would be detrimental to their zkir-business They take fees of 100 Rupees for a majlis and make themselves ghzs of the word with expensive ab-o-qab, sumptuous pulpits and the art of rhetoric, but leave work and efforts for the people and prefer serenity for themselves 143Close, These were notably the views of a man who had some years earlier been referred to as the most sincere person of our qaum by the editor of al-Muballigh, the mouthpiece of the orthodox ulam.144Close In fact many of the latter fully shared his misgivings about the zkirs,145Close although they would probably not have agreed with the way he was putting ulam and zkirs into one basket. 3.97 million (Malik, Islamisierung, p. 97). The pet object of their diatribes remained azdr processions. In Shahd of 5 September he had claimed that no members of the Gardezi family had participated, drawing angry rejoinders (Razkr 29/37:1); see also Razkr 29/39:1 (8 October 1966). Ibid. There is no greater crime in Islam than apostasy, and an Islamic government can neither allow the preaching of kufr nor apostasy from Islam. He succeeded Shaikh Akhtar Abbas, who had left in 1964 for eight years of advanced religious studies in Najaf and Qom, and the interim principal Maulana Husain Bakhsh of Jara (19645). Zara Sheikh is a famous Pakistani model, actress and also a good singer. The Sunni Conference was denounced as a fraud in the Barelvi journal Sawd-i Azam (Lahore), 1 September 1967, for usurping the name of a holy organisation of the Barelvis in pre-partition India; quoted in Razkr 30/36:3. The Dars-i l-i Muhammad of Lyallpur was founded in 1964 by Muhammad Ismail with a special emphasis on the art of munzara; see Razkr 27/23:7 (1 August 1964); 28/47:3 (16 December 1965). Remarkable was also one resolution threatening the daily newspapers of Karachi with boycott, because they had never given proper coverage to the SMC Movement.348Close. A prominent Shia cleric has been shot dead in the Pakistani city of Lahore, sparking an outcry from members of the city's Shia community. 1, tabled by Najm ul-Hasan Kararvi, called on all Shia ulam not to participate in working out any syllabus that would not provide for separate dnyt for Shia pupils. Address at a public rally in Sargodha, 4 June (Dawn, 5 June 1963; also quoted in Razkr 26/23:3). Official figures according to Pakistan Times, 4 June 1963, including Sunni attackers injured by police action; Muzaffar Ali Shamsi later spoke of up to 250 injured Shias (statement in front of the Inquiry Committee, 16 August 1963; Razkr 26/36:9). Such manoeuvres were to continue and to become more obstinate throughout the following years. Thus it was no mere coincidence that almost immediately after the Shias convention in Rawalpindi student riots broke out in the same town, which quickly spread to other parts of Pakistan and were joined by violent agitations of various opposition parties.408Close During the last four months until Ayub Khans resignation on 25 March 1969, dealing with the deteriorating law and order situation absorbed all the energies of the government. Apart from accusations that armed Shias themselves had provoked the clashes in Lahore,99Close the demand to ban all Shia azdr processions was repeated forcefully at a meeting of six Sunni groups in Lahore on 16 June.100Close A common board was formed comprising the JUI leaders Mufti Mahmud and Ghulam Ghauth Hazarvi as well as Shaikh Husam ud-Din, Master Taj ud-Din Ansari and Shuresh Kashmiri.101Close Hazarvi went as far as accusing fanatic Shia police officers and other civil servants of responsibility for the violence in Muharram.102Close Three weeks later, at a public meeting near the Mochi Gate of Lahores Old City chaired by the D.C. and meant to reconcile local Sunnis and Shias, Hafiz Kifayat Husain and Muzaffar Ali Shamsi repeated the claim that abusing and insulting of any religious authority was absolutely forbidden for Shias. He also distanced himself from those Shia delegations which had met the president before him.197Close, The new split within the ranks of Shia communal leaders had now become manifest. Malik, Waqf in Pakistan, pp. It was his first and only trip to East Pakistan since starting his campaign in 1964. Besides, the logic of forbidding some ulam to speak in certain districts because of alleged fanaticism or lack of knowledge, while the same persons were not considered objectionable in other parts of the country, was rightfully questioned.317Close Another complaint concerned growing obstacles for the construction of Shia mosques. At the same time he had started to preach at majlis and attracted the attention of wealthy sponsors like Nawab Riza Ali Khan of Rampur and Hajji Daud Nsir, a leading member of the Khoja Twelver Shia community of Bombay.160Close In 1937 some enemies in Delhi tried to ruin his reputation by accusing him of rape, but he was cleared of all charges after a lawsuit in which S. Wazir Hasan of Lucknow had taken up his defence and the Nizam of Hyderabad (Deccan) had paid the expenses.161Close In 1939 he toured the Punjab and NWFP to mobilise support for the Tabarr Agitation in Lucknow.162Close When parts of his huge private library were burnt down in Rampur in August 1947 because of his sympathies for Pakistan, he moved to Bombay and started to transfer the remains of his library to Karachi, to where he finally migrated in 1952.163Close He continued to enjoy the patronage of Khoja traders like Hajji Daud Nsir and Ibrahim Pirbhai and was invited to numerous preaching tours in East Africa,164Close Burma, and Middle Eastern countries.165Close Dihlavi also attended some ITHS conventions, but apparently never in a leading position,166Close devoting most of his spare time to studying and writing.167Close, In the early 1960s, however, Dihlavi shared the feeling of many other Shias in Pakistan that something had to be done to overcome the stagnation and inferiority complex of their community, which was then also loosing interest in religious matters. By 1964 he was again very active in this field, apparently still enjoying privileged access to the ruling circles.14Close Among those disqualified through EBDO were also his distant relative Mumtaz Husain Qizilbash (18971964), who had been Chief Minister of the Khairpur State from 1948 until its dissolution in 1955 and later a minister of the West Pakistan government,15Close and Col. On the other side, many articles in the Shia press from the late 1950s onwards deplored a rampant materialism and fast decline of interest in religion in their society, especially among the higher educated young generation, and appealed to the ulam to change their old-fashioned style of preaching in order to meet that challenge. Is There Any Hope for Pakistan's Shias? 11); see Razkr 29/3435:7+10 (18 September 1966). Resolution No. 38485. 136Close. A. Faisal Raza Abidi; Agha Shaukat Ali; Athar Ali (scientist) On the Raja of Mahmudabad see section 2.1, pp. The traditional garment of Shia ulam, here in the sense of the ulam themselves. Maulana Abd ul-Hamid Badayuni (18981970) had been a long-term activist of the Muslim League, who played a prominent role during the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s. Asad, 18 February 1968, quoted in Razkr 31/10:3. 6973, 857. Razkr 31/44:12, 46 (1 December 1968). If today we show only a grain of negligence we will deserve countless curses from God and his Prophet and the Imams and the coming generations . See sections 4.3, p. 123; 4.5, pp. His father had been an lim of the Ahl-i hadth sect and he had studied at Sunni seminaries, including the Dr ul-Ulm Deoband. Mohsin Naqvi Shayari, Urdu Ghazal, Nazam Collection - UrduPoint This was obvious from an article of Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, Tanzm k nm par intishr n phailiy, in which he ridiculed such ideas and rejected accusations that ITHS had achieved nothing during the last fourteen years (Razkr 24/3940:19; 1624 October 1961). On attempts to nationalise the Dr ul-Ulm Muhammadya Sargodha, which were averted by Qizilbash and other Shia notables, see al-Muballigh 12/6:23 (July 1968). Ibid. This applied especially to the APSC President Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash, who became more interested in Shia affairs after having lost executive power,126Close and to Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, who remained the real strongman of the ITHS even after the election of a new chairman in 1961 and his token resignation in 1962.127Close But there were a number of other office-holders in both organisations who had no interest in their dissolution or merger either. Such zkirs which deviate from that movement must not be given the opportunity to share the Shia platform, i.e. He had further promised that there would be no general ban on azdr processions, but it was up to the local authorities to decide about provisions for public security wherever licences would be applied for.188Close. Pakistani Model and Actress Zara Sheikh was born in Lahore, Pakistan on 7 th May 1978.. Zara Sheikh is a famous Pakistani Model, Actress, and a Singer. He is making allusions to the way the Auqaf Department made use of the income of auqf for its own purposes; see Malik, Islamisierung, pp. Since the autumn of 1964, some supporters of Dihlavi started dubbing those who did not submit to his supreme leadership as traitors of the qaum and became increasingly aggressive in their demands of reckoning with them. According to Murtaza Pooya, only among the Khoja Twelver Shia community of Karachi (and Khoja migrants to Africa) this obligation has been observed fairly faithfully (, Interview with the author, 13 November 2000, Authors interview with Nusrat Ali Shahani (Lahore 21 January 2001), Interview with S. Iqbal Husain Kermani, Lahore 31 January 2001, Literally exaggeration, a terminus in Shiism for excessive veneration of the Imams; see, For a discussion of the above-mentioned questions of Shia doctrine and religious practice in Pakistan see, The founder of the Shaikhiya school of thought in Shiism (17531826); see, Maulana Kausar Niyazi (193494) was the pen-name of Hayat Khan, a long-time member of the JI and editor of the weeklies, The Shias of Pakistan: An Assertive and Beleaguered Minority, Sayyid Muhammad Dihlavi and his new Shia movement, Conflicts between orthodox ulam and popular preachers, Towards official acceptance of Shia demands, The Musharraf and Zardari Eras, 20002013, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190240967.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190240967.003.0004, Malik, Legitimizing IslamizationThe Case of the Council of Islamic Ideology in Pakistan, pp. Bangash has pointed to the fact that the Shias of the Kurram Agency enthusiastically supported the SMC although its three central demands were already fulfilled in their home area (Political and Administrative Development of Tribal Areas, pp.