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D-74 ammunition consisted of metal cartridge containing two propellant charges. The 122 mm D-74, a towed gun that entered Soviet service in 1955, was the most numerous gun in the NVAs five independent artillery regiments, https://www.historynet.com/north-vietnam-d-74-gun/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, Day One at Chancellorsville Hookers Big Mistake, Why? Remnants of a misfired 9M22S incendiary 122mm Grad rocket near Ilovaisk, Ukraine in 2014. . U.S. Government Printing Office, Ray Bonds, ed., "The Vietnam War, (Salamander Books: 1979), pp. 152175. [4], Submachine guns were also used by the PAVN early on, before being more and more by replaced by AK-47 automatic rifles, which made the army pass them down to the VC. Note that all Soviet weapons also had common Chinese copies. China made significant contributions in medicines, hospital care, training facilities, foodstuffs, and infantry weapons. Of the Sihanouk Trail and Cambodia, one American military history says:[16]. Beyond male troops, approximately 1.5million Northern women were mustered into support and even some combat units, both on the northern home front and further south on the Trail. Both weapons used the same intermediate 7.62mm cartridge, which eased logistics. [45], Routes south. BM-13, BM-8, BM-31, BM-14, BM-21, BM-24, BM-25, BM-27, BM-30. save. One 1972 analysis for the US Senate on bombing notes the tenacity and resilience of PAVN and its logistics system: Throughout the war, the results of the bombing of North Vietnam have consistently fallen far short of the claims made for it. One of the first is the sound a rocket makes coming off the launcher. A variety of ''homemade'' launching systems were developed, with the most common being a simple set of steerage wheels (metal), attached to a low elevation mechanism. Medical care like other aspects of the logistical system was austere, and field hospitals, whether in caves, underground bunkers or jungle huts usually suffered shortages. One historian asserts: By 1975, the emergency troops had shepherded war material south and an estimated 700,000 wounded soldiers back to North Vietnam, while helping air defenders bring down some 8,558 U.S. aircraft lost in Southeast Asia. The Type 63 multiple rocket launcher is a towed, 12-tube, 107mm rocket launcher produced by the People's Republic of China in the early 1960s and later exported and manufactured globally. Unlike Greece, fifteen years earlier, which had been able to seal its borders with the help of neighbors, South Vietnam could not count on such aid. They were originally designed for use against armored vehicles but it was adapted for anti-personnel use to good effect. While inaccurate compared to more . Sakr-18 [Egyptian] 122-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher. Many of those who survived their time on the battlefield continue to suffer from wounds, illnesses, and social neglect decades after the war had ended. Czech Republic delivers to Ukraine modernized MLRS rocket launchers BM There are some defeats more triumphant than victories. Later ''modified versions'' claimed distances of 11,000-meters. and 107-mm. Current use. Early units of PAVN had also made use of the Soviet RP-46 machine gun and the variety of weapons of the VC also included Chinese made ZB vz. share. Rocket, 122mm HE Frag, 9M22M - Bulletpicker Exceptions were the set piece siege battles such as the battle of Khe Sanh or heavy artillery duels against US batteries across the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone. It carried the launch motor, flight motor, warhead and fuze for the 122mm Katyusha Rocket. The VC/PAVN relied heavily on heavy machine guns and standard Soviet-designed anti-aircraft batteries like the ZPU-series for air defense functions. [48], Movement techniques. My pillow got peppered with shrapnel holes along with an Iowa State flagthat was hanging on the wall above my bed, Remains of Red platoon hoochPhoto by Nathan D. Shaffer (Charlie Troop Scouts, 1969-70). She has written numerous military history books, articles and book reviews and is also an award-winning author. She received an award from the National Federation of Press Women in 2022 for her editing work on Vietnam Magazine. This Rocket was developed in WWII and was then mounted on a truck with multiple tubes. US patrols encountered numerous B-52 bomb craters used as fish and duck ponds by PAVN/VC troops. Captured stocks were also exploited. The two most common types included the French MAT 49, using either its original 919mm ammunition or having been converted to use the 7.6225mm Tokarev cartridge, and the Soviet/Chinese PPSh-41, often modified and converted in PAVN arsenals to the K-50M. (2006) At Caanan's Edge. American war makers ran a restrained start-stop aerial campaign for fear of Chinese or Soviet intervention exempting MiG airfields in China, targets above certain geographical or navigational boundaries, and many dams and locks associated with North Vietnam's agricultural system. The railway network in the Chinese provinces bordering North Vietnam was of vital importance in importing war material. They were a little over 6' tall, more than 1/3 of it explosive charge. [3], Northern leader Le Duan chose to defy US airpower, arguing that though Hanoi, Haiphong or other cities were destroyed, the Vietnamese people would not be intimidated, and called for a massive war mobilization of reserves. On 21 May 1971 30 US infantrymen, many from Company A, 1st Battalion, 61st Infantry Regiment, were killed when a People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 122mm rocket hit their bunker at Charlie 2. A "dead drop" system for couriers was also extensively used for intelligence communications. Evidence Of American Zuni Rockets Arming Ukrainian Su-25s Emerges Exploitation and deception were also used in air defense operations. Nor did it stop China from continuing to massively supply its North Vietnamese client. . Three more batteries were stationed around the Chu-Lai airstrips in the "Rocket Pocket", the target of 122mm rockets day and night, during '69's post TET offensive. Indeed the sanctuaries gave them the trump card that enabled them to fight a protracted war and outlast the United States commitment to the Republic of Vietnam.[58]. There is also a few pics of a 122mm rocket attack that punched a hole in the roof of the units hanger on 23 Feb 1969. Then there was the night Charlie threw some big stuff at us (Sept. 12th 1970). Internal supply from within South Vietnam was also crucial, particularly food supplies. Although wire was sometimes run for field telephones in selected operations, they relied heavily on couriers for transmission of messages on the battlefield. Israeli-Made Bolt-On Kit Turns 122mm 'Grad' Artillery Rockets Into Copyright 2013 Stronghold Nation. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. By that evening, virtually every ARVN fire support base within 20 miles of the border was surrounded and fighting for survival. Mauser Kar98k rifles, both of captured German origin by way of Soviet Union or Chinese-made Chiang Kai-shek rifles were also provided as military aid. [51], Anti-sensor techniques. [40], Dispersal of assets and pre-positioning of material. [7] Total requirements to run the insurgency in the south were relatively small compared to the needs of US opponents, well below port and rail capacity. On the night of July 14, the new 122mm launchers were set up in six . Way stations were generally within one day's travel from each other. History / Summary. It almost seemed safer on a recon mission in the middle of the jungle. One of the most helpless feelings I experienced in Vietnam is when our firebase was being mortared (incoming) and hoping the next rocket wouldn't be a direct hit. Number of rockets fired: Six confirmed, possibly more. Tonnages needed for communist forces were modest for the low-intensity protracted war style. On May 2-3, 1995, an NSAG uses Orkan M-87 multiple rocket launchers to attack civilians in Zagreb. Blog - Homemade Vietnamese Heavy Weapons of the 1st Indochinese War Close. A VC rocket attack on Bien Hoa Air Base on May 12, 1967, caused only moderate damage but provided a major breakthrough. One of the most used ground based Rocket (and System), The 122mm Rocket was used by both North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and Viet Cong (VC) Armies. The 122mm 40-tube multiple launch rocket system Grad (Hail), with a firing range of up to 20 km, was introduced into operational service with the Russian Army in 1963 [and initially designated in the West as the M1964]. That was a close one to say the least! [46] PAVN infiltration routes were keyed to the military regions the infiltrators were assigned to. In the 9M22M the igniter leads extend about 305 millimeters 12.00 inches beyond the nozzle and terminate in a 2-prong plug. The limits of air power.. pp. Many suggested that this failure was because there were too many restrictions. Linebacker caused more damage to Northern lines of communication, than the previous 3 years of Rolling Thunder, particularly as the Easter Offensive brought PAVN forces out into the open. Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War A 122mm rocket is an unguided surface-to-surface artillery rocket delivered by a multiple rocket launcher (MRL). Most material movement in bulk was not by gangs of sweating laborers, but modern Soviet-supplied trucks. Vietnam War VISUALS Roads were sometimes "roofed" with a network of branches, brush and other greenery, and vehicles on the roads sported foliage to aid in concealment. This takeover involved setting up new headquarters and replacing fallen VC with PAVN regulars. [Source: Washington Post] . For strategic aerial defense, the North deployed one of the densest and most sophisticated air-defense systems in the world based on Soviet surface-to-air missile missiles and radar batteries. BM-21 122-mm Multiple Rocket Launcher - Federation of American Scientists HD Historic Archival Stock Footage Vietnam War Rocket Attack - YouTube Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-600390; 1974) The quiet of the 25th Infantry Division base camp at Cu Chi was shattered by explosions from incoming rocket rounds exactly one hour after midnight on 9 May 1968. 2002. When Hanoi showed no signs of weakening, the rationale shifted toward interdiction, but this goal, too, proved unobtainable. The limits of air power: the American bombing of North Vietnam. 18 kg warhead. When using heavy artillery, the VC/PAVN relied on high quality Soviet-supplied heavy 122mm and 130mm guns that outranged American and ARVN opposition. The party sponsored competitive essays among the girls, with selected winners volunteering to join special "dare to die" unexploded bomb squads. Casualties caused by American airstrikes were low, accounting for only 2% of total losses. All markings are black, with the exception of a red-stamped symbol 9 on the forward portion of the rocket motor. These trucks were also a staple of the Iraqi insurgency when US forces were present in large . According to the official People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) History: In 1964 our army began to send to the battlefield complete units at their full authorized strength of personnel and equipment By the end of 1965 our main force army in South Vietnam totaled almost 92,000 Our main force troops grew from 195,000 soldiers in early 1965 to 350,000 soldiers in May 1965 and finally to 400,000 by the end of 1965.. During 1966 the strength of our full-time forces in South Vietnam would be increased to between 270,000 and 300,000 soldiers By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.[56]. The longest-serving weapons still in service in 2023 - Spec Ops Magazine Defense secretary McNamara initially opposed striking the missile batteries because he feared killing Chinese or Soviet technicians working at the sites. [31] The largest repair organization was the Youth Shock Brigades Against the Americans for National Salvation. The sound of 122mm rockets slamming down in the area around the hooch where I was sleeping woke me up within seconds. [30] Ironically, even the remnants of American airstrikes were pressed into food production. The VC/PAVN used a wide variety of grenades from explosives inserted into discarded American C-ration cans to modern Chicom types. Vietnam War Mortars - Military Factory Such variation and diversity lessened and standardized as the war went on. 122 mm DKZ-B Rocket Launcher and Stand : Viet Cong The BM-21 Grad has 40 launching tubes for 122mm rockets. 37169, Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History, (Viking Press: 1983) pp. The 11,000 artillery rounds and several thousand rockets fired that day were a clear demonstration that the North Vietnamese Army had improved and expanded its artillery arm. [38] American bombers caused substantial damage to Northern road and rail infrastructure, including bridges, culverts, depots, ports and docks. They also made use of the Soviet/Chinese 122mm rocket which was used effectively against populated areas and large installations such as airfields. The 122mm Rocket was 75-inches in length and weighted 102-pounds. The Toyota Hiace with 122mm rockets that was used to attack Ain al-Asad air base, January 2022. I would not be writing this now if I wouldnt have woken when I did. This network was considered an integral part of the overall supply system incorporating Laos and North Vietnam and centered around the Cambodian port of Kompong Somor Sihanoukville. As stated the speed in which a Crew could fire and move to another position (''Shoot and Scoot''), was very effective. North Vietnamese Army 122mm Katyusha Rocket Carrying Pack Marked in Entries are listed below in alphanumeric order (1-to-Z). Accurate, powerful, easy to maintain and repair, the D-74 remained in service with the Peoples Army of Vietnam through about 2010. Hezbollah fires more than 100 Chinese-produced Type-81 122mm cluster munition rockets into northern Israel. This logistics organization helped greatly in their war against the American and South Vietnamese military during the Vietnam War. [26] By 1966, some 130 SAM batteries were in North Vietnam by US estimates, manned primarily by Russian crews. The 500th Transport Group handled movement of troops and supplies in the North in preparation for the journey south. In Vietnam this rocket comprised one of the primary means of inflicting standoff attacks against airfields and other . [21], Civilian labor was crucial to VC/PAVN success, and was deployed in building fortifications, transporting supplies and equipment, prepositioning material in readiness for an operation, and general construction such as road repair. The unit tasked by Hanoi with organizing movement was the 470th Transport Group, which established a similar network on binh trams' and way-stations.[15]. United States Senate. All rights, including images, downloads and articles are reserved. 34159, Edward Doyle, Samuel Lipsman, Terrence Maitland- THE NORTH: The Vietnam Experience, (Boston Publishing Company, (1986), pp. The BM-21 "Grad" (Russian: -21 "", lit. cit, John Prados, The Blood Road, (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998), p. 2-45, Colonel Jack Broughton, Thud Ridge, (J. Ferries shuttled troops across rivers and streams. The 122mm had an amazing range of between 3,000 and 7,000-meters, which a ''kill range'' (blast radius of 163-meters). The warhead is painted light or dark gray, and the rocket motor is painted light or silver gray. [20] Food was always had locally, taxed away from peasants, purchased or even grown by VC units. Sturdier pontoon structures were made by tying wooden canal boats together with camouflage measures to hide them during the day from aerial observation. On 1 April 1972 in the face of the PAVN's Easter Offensive the base was abandoned by the ARVN. United States Government Printing OFfice. Impressed labor groups of civilians also hauled ammo and supplies for the Front. pp. However overall control was always in the hands of party cadres at all levels, from province down to village. Female representation was substantial. The base has been turned over to farmland. Two days later however the traffic was moving again, despite huge landslides caused by the bombing, and the use of numerous delayed action munitions. An incoming round exploding is a noise forever embedded in your brain and for years to come you could be affected by similar sounds. In the early years of the insurgency in the South a larger variety of weapons were used, ranging from World War I-era bolt-action rifles to World War II-era weapons, with procurement via a wide range of methods. Both of these artillery guns were used in the counter-attack against Vietnam. The Australian War Memorial acknowledges the traditional custodians of country throughout Australia. Sound/seismic sensors were countered by destroying them, moving them to useless locations, removing their batteries, playing tape recordings of truck traffic, and running herds of cattle over them. Her areas of interest include the Vietnam War and World Wars I and II, with a focus on Great Britain, Germany and Eastern Europe. A limited strike was authorized three days later in retaliation. The Turkish T-300 Kasirga is perhaps the only NATO rocket artillery system that could truly be considered a "heavy" system like the Russian/Soviet BM-30 Smerch. The Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) used well-organized logistics methods to supply and equip their fighting forces. Not enough time to do anything except die a little inside. The Finance and Economic grouping was the chief fund raiser, banker and purchasing agent. Female brigadiers, many of whom were scarcely teenagers when they were sent down the Trail, suffered from inadequate training, shelter, and clothing, and from chronic shortages of food and medicine. I then went back to check my AO ( sleeping area). The Trail covered a wide diversity of rough terrain. The rocket was developed by engineers of the Naval . r/shittytechnicals. During the bombing campaign over the north, facilities and installations were widely dispersed and concealed. Captured 122mm Tripod Launcher. NVA 122mm Rocket | Missiles and Rockets of War | Stronghold Nation [28], VC/PAVN formations suffered a shortage of modern radios. Firing . [46] Official North Vietnamese sources also confirm the massive buildup, although figures differ between American and Northern sources. Logs and bamboo were laid over the quickly dissolving mud and the Northern fighters moved on. By the war's end almost a million soldiers had made the trip down the Trail and tens of thousands of tons were being transported annually.[15]. Cambodia's port of Sihanoukville made possible the flooding of the South Vietnam battlefield with a family of Sino-Soviet equipment that was completely compatible with that used by VC/NVA forces in the rest of Vietnam. Weapons of the Vietnam War - Wikipedia It seemed like we got hit at least three times a day, and Charlie had our Company Area zeroed in. No official information was published by the Czech government regarding the delivery of BM-21MT to Ukraine, but since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, the Czech Republic has already supplied Ukraine with a large quantity of MLRSs (Multiple Launch Rocket Systems) including 12 122mm RM-70, an undisclosed number of modernized 122mm RM-70 Grad . Ukrainian Armed Forces use American Zuni rockets - Militarnyi Supply routes using multiple sources, (waterways, black-market transactions, cross-border sanctuaries, etc.) One of the most used ground based Rocket (and System), The 122mm Rocket was used by both North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and Viet Cong (VC) Armies. The Toyota Hiace with 122mm rockets that was used to attack - Reddit [10] China also provided radar stations and airfields where Vietnam People's Air Force aircraft could marshal for attack, or flee to when in trouble against American air forces. February 23, 1969. With volumes such as these, backed by lavish Soviet and Chinese aid, and thorough organization, PAVN persevered until final victory. (AP Photo) Full size 3000 2058 The range was approx 20km . From 1965-1972 DaNang Air Base was hit by approx 1000 122mm rockets . Duplication also produced a wider range of alternative sources for supplies, and made the whole structure more resilient. They were fielded in 1966 and would remain dominant until the end of The War in 1975. Within the southern logistical organization, 3 agencies were responsible. All visitors require a free timed ticket to enter the Memorial Galleries and attend the Last Post Ceremony. The Mu Gia binh tram area for example, was estimated to have no fewer than 302 anti-aircraft positions as early as 1966, a deadly flak trap for US aircraft. Prepared for the Use of the Committee on Foreign Relations. Unauthorised Copying of any kind is strictly prohibited. Within the DMZ, there was a rest pause of several days as infiltrators staged for the crossing. Rockets used in attack on Kurdistan region in Iraq linked to Iran The NVA and Viet Cong frequently used bamboo launchers for 122 mm rockets, like these found east of Saigon by a U.S. 1st Infantry Division patrol in March 1969. By 1970, the communist inventory was mostly standardized, even at the village guerrilla level. 4, Issue 3, pps. Primarily an agrarian country with little industrial and technical base, North Vietnam compared poorly with the advanced material and technical systems of its American opponent, and often invoked a David versus Goliath comparison in its propaganda campaigns. There was a significant overlap of logistical functions in the communist organization, as the PAVN and the VC civilian agencies worked an area. The hub of the North Vietnamese material distribution was Hanoi with its numerous railheads, bridges and major roads. BM stands for boyevaya mashina (Russian: - combat vehicle . Syria: Army Using New Type of Cluster Munition