Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. Download. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. 1401 Constitution Ave NW
Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Brighter Green, 6. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). 133 8.5.2. 2. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. [7], Most agricultural producers are subsistence farmers with small holdings, often broken into several plots. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Advanced Search Citation Search . Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. <i>Methods</i>. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . (2013). Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. <i>Results . The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. Wubne, Mulatu. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Agriculture >. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. Official websites use .gov Due to physical, economic and social factors the. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. D. espite the countr. Grain production is one of the most important sub-sectors in the countrys agriculture-based economy. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Abstract and Figures. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. An estimated 85 percent of the . Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions.