This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. 1558 -french threat. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Company Reg no: 04489574. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. Most people in . The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. LS23 6AD Use your outline Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. Therefore, I disagree with the statement. Mary was spared. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. One was debt. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. 2. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Boston House, When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Write a paragraph or two. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Continue with Recommended Cookies. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. This increased tension between England and Spain. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. LS23 6AD Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Before the rebel army was able to reach Tutbury, a large royal army forced them to retreat. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. The attack was a success. VAT reg no 816865400. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. France was at war with England and Spain. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Best Answer. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. - Leith blockade. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. Those who refused this were sent to prison. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Europe. West Yorkshire, Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. By 1568 most people had accepted. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Boston House, More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Student / Born: 7 September 1533. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Why was France a threat? Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. - send 2000 to rebels. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. 214 High Street, he could also overthrow her. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. As such, I disagree with the statement. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. VAT reg no 816865400. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. It had to deal with Irish . The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Spain and France were the major European powers. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Spanish invasion plans. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were.
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