The fanatic wants to overwhelm people with words, you wish to convince, only to convince themand that is why you are successful. 17 eine Versndigung gegen die Natur, Ibid. What mattered to them was biology and race, not the law or a mere artificial citizenship. So they Aryanised him. , Hamburg, Albrecht Knaus Verlag, 1980, 496p., p.96. geschrieben hat, ist gelinde gesagt dumm, Hitler quoted in Rauschning, Hermann. Das Rassen- und Nationalittlose Vlkerchaos des sptrmischen Imperiums, In the end, Rome triumphed. If Germanic blood is not protected against the Jewish infection, Europe will perish. with the celestial intelligence and inspiration of the Greeks. Chamberlain criticized them for their lack of political sense: The Greeks have always been, and are still today, unfaithful, unpatriotic, self-centred, . HomeIssues11Antique Bodies in Nineteenth CentPart I: Utopian BodiesTraining the Body: The Antique ModelFrom Humanism to Nazism: Antiquit Darwiniste social et raciste convaincu, Houston Stewart Chamberlain sest constitu une vaste culture dautodidacte. He reciprocated by paying a tribute to Chamberlain in Mein Kampf. Indeed, I would also describe you as the opposite of a politician, in the commonly accepted sense of the word, for the essence of all politics is membership of a party, whereas with you all parties disappear, consumed by the heat of your love for the fatherland. Eines ist aber so klar wie die Sonne am Mittag: wre das phnezinische Volk nicht ausgerottet (), so htte die Menschheit dieses 19. They then left testimonies of their genius in immaculate and pristine temples that were currently used, in the 19th century, to demonstrate the superiority of white mankind. He resented Chamberlain for not being aware of that scourge. In the 1031 pages of the two volumes, Chamberlain borrowed ideas from the leading sciences of the time (history and the natural sciences) and stood up for the dominant ideas, at the Belle poque, of the European bourgeoisie: in other words, racism, social Darwinism and colonialism. Order: idea ideal importance individual influence inner interest Italy Jewish Kant knowledge later less limited living material matter means mechanical merely mind moral mysticism nature never observation once original Paul personality philosophy political possess possible practical present principle proved purely . Camera Memoria: Photographic Memory from the Margins, Representing Whiteness in US Film and Television, Unheard Possibilities: Reappraising Classical Film Music Scoring and Analysis, Rethinking Laughter in Contemporary Anglophone Theatre, War in Poetry: Breaking into Family and Everyday Life, Lexprimental dans la littrature et les arts contemporains, Early American Surrealisms, 1920-1940 / Parable Art, Thomas Spence and his Legacy: Bicentennial Perspectives, Images on the Move: Circulations and Transfers in film, Coincidences / Circulating towards and across the British Isles, In Umbra Voluptatis : Shades, Shadows, and their Felicities/ Film Adaptations, New Interactions, South and Race / Staging Mobility in the United States. His book Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (The . This is one of the better clichs of the German historiography of the second half of the 19th century: only the Nordic king, Alexander of Macedonia, managed to unify Greece and put an end to endless campaigns by creating an Empire, like King Wilhelm of Prussia who succeeded in 1871 in unifying the different German tribes and states into a mighty Empire.8 Fortunately, the Greeks were great artists, like the Germans themselves. Twisted Cross. Immediately download the Houston Stewart Chamberlain summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching Houston Stewart Chamberlain. El este descris n Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ca "scriitor rasialist". Chamberlain compiles here a collection of the most trivial commonplaces which anyone could have easily uttered, if only to appear literate at the table of a Kommerzrat in Germany or of a first baronet in England. This idea was borrowed by Chamberlain from many racist historians and theoreticians of the time. In the 1031 pages of the two volumes, Chamberlain borrowed ideas from the leading sciences of . Die Nazis erklrten ihn zu ihrem Vordenker. , New York, Columbia University Press, 1981, 565p. , Munich, Bruckmann, 1899, 1031p. (2 volumes). Greek and Roman antiquity play an essential part in his argumentation. Ohne ihn ging der Tag des Indoeuropers zu Ende. Hitler saw in Christianity a lethal plague that had affected Europe because of the Jews who made Christians out of Germans to weaken them. But something is as clear as the sun at midday: if the Phenician people had not been exterminated () mankind would never have experienced () this 19, century that we can consider with pride and hope, For Chamberlain, the victory of the Carthaginians over the Romans would have been a catastrophe: We have been saved by the brutal, of Cato and the likes. More importantly, they would prevent any further decadence and avoid mixing with inferior races, like the Jews or other crossbreds. . Weindling, Paul, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003. Jahrhunderts, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005. Having learned, from a very young age, at least two foreign languages, he almost wrote better in French and in German than he did in English. 26 Sie sind ja gar nicht, wie Sie mir geschildert worden sind, ein Fanatiker, vielmehr mchte ich Sie als den unmittelbaren Gegensatz eines Fanatikers bezeichnen. Counter-revolutionary theoreticians exalted in Germany the biological idea of the Volk and coined the word vlkisch as an alternative to the French adjective national. sand hollow state park camping. The known world, the, , reached its apex around the first century A.D., when the Romans, having conquered Greece, managed to combine their chtonian. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/miranda/6680; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/miranda.6680, Professor of History - Junior Member, Institut Universitaire de FranceSorbonne Nouvelle Universityjohann.chapoutot@univ-paris3.fr, Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, Site map Legal information & Credits Links Directories and labels Syndication, OpenEdition member Published with Lodel Administration only, You will be redirected to OpenEdition Search, Expressions of Environment in Euroamerican Culture / Antique Bodies in Nineteenth Century British Literature and Culture, Antique Bodies in Nineteenth Century British Literature and Culture, From Humanism to Nazism: Antiquity in the Work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a social Darwinist and a true racist. The naturalized German citizen Houston Stewart Chamberlain wrote in 1899 that the German race struggled to maintain its purity because of the Darwinian form of natural selection that caused Germans to feel a revulsion toward intermixing with lesser races. As a true Wagnerian, Chamberlain needed heroes and saviours. It was high time the saviour appeared.18. For "the most sacred of duties . Was der Chamberlain da in seinen Grundlagen geschrieben hat, ist gelinde gesagt dumm, Hitler quoted in Rauschning, Hermann, Gesprche mit Hitler, Wien, Zrich, New York, Europa Verlag, 1940, p.51. They then engaged with the Romans: Carthage was a Jewish kingdom and Hannibal himself was some sort of a fighting rabbi! Houston Stewart Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 - January 9, 1927) was an English author of books on political philosophy, natural science. Wo ist ein grosser, schpferischer Naturforscher unter den Rmern? Chamberlain scorned this racial chaos of the late Roman Empire, which destroyed any racial and national principle, this chaos of peoples of the decadent Roman Empire being a capital sin against nature. "Foundations of the Nineteenth Century". The Persians indeed were Jews, at least as much as the Greeks were Germans, and the Persian Wars were nothing else than a racial struggle which lasted over a century between Asia and Europe. Without him, the Indo-Europeans would have disappeared. 15 Wie viel hat man nicht ber die Vertilgung Karthagos durch die Rmer gewehklagt und moralisiert, von Polybius bis zu Mommsen! The known world, the oekoumene, reached its apex around the first century A.D., when the Romans, having conquered Greece, managed to combine their chtonian gravitas with the celestial intelligence and inspiration of the Greeks. Hitler saw in Christianity a lethal plague that had affected Europe because of the Jews who made Christians out of Germans to weaken them. In his book, we can read that Plato was, by all means, a great philosopher. The Jews of Semitic Carthage were defeated because the Romans (or Germans) were the best at fighting and winning. "In this manner the ground was prepared for the emergence of a new race of'Supermen'," said Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Ludwig Schemann exerted a great intellectual influence on the other members of the Wagner circle, popularizing what people started to call the Vlkisch ideology. 7 Der Grieche war von jeher, was er noch heute ist, untreu, unpatriotisch, eigenschtig, Ibid., p.50. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) war einer der wirkungsmchtigsten Publizisten im Deutschen Kaiserreich. However, it was quite successful from the 1900s to the 1930s; it sold over 200000 copies. After years of travelling and wandering/wondering about new ideas, he found in the racist theories of Schemann and other Rassentheoretiker of the time a unified vision of the worlda true Weltanschauung. The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. Now I believe I understand that it is precisely this that characterizes and defines your being: the true awakener is at the same time the bestower of peace25. Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a social Darwinist and a true racist. What were the problems caused by modernity and how could the world be improved for the sake of the better portionthe white portionof humanity? He imported some of his arguments from the . Chamberlains theories owed much to the writings of Joseph Arthur, comte de Gobineau, who was the first to claim to prove the superiority of the Nordic race. 14 Ohne Rom, das ist sicher, wre Europa eine blosse Fortsetzung des asiatischen Chaos geblieben. He was therefore read and admired by the major figures of the Nazi ideologyone of whom was Hitlerand became, just before he died, in the 1920s, one of the leading minds of their movement. He holds my hand and won't let me go. Historic antisemitism , the rise of eugenics and nationalism , the aftermath of the First World War, the rise of the Nazis, the role of Adolf Hitler, the internal operation of the Nazi state, the Second World War and collaboration all played key roles in the timing and scale of the final catastrophe. , Munich, Franz Eher Verlag, Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1926, 782p. Quote from vol. He eventually settled in Dresden, Germany, after his Prussian tutor had filled his young mind with Teutonic tales of Germanic greatness. Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und afrikanische Knecht bis zum Thron des rmischen Imperiums hinaufgeschlichen, inzwischen der syrische Bastard sich des Gesetzeswerkes bemchtigte, der Jude die Bibliothek zu Alexandria benutzte, um hellenische Philosophie dem mosaischen Gesetze anzupassen (). The Europe the Romans had ambitioned was saved by a racial messiah: the Germanic tribes which, by invading the Empire, preserved the continent and its civilization. In the 1031 pages of the two volumes, Chamberlain borrowed ideas from the leading sciences of the time (history and the natural sciences) and stood up for the dominant ideas, at the. Now I believe I understand that it is precisely this that characterizes and defines your being: the true awakener is at the same time the bestower of peace, Indeed, this encounter and interview left such an impression on Chamberlain that he considered Hitler as the epitome of many essential virtuessuch virtues as warmth, kindness and selflessness, all embodied by the, Sie sind ja gar nicht, wie Sie mir geschildert worden sind, ein Fanatiker, vielmehr mchte ich Si. Despite his English birth and family, his early indifference toward England and all things English developed into a lifelong hatred. , Leipzig, 1869. Houston Stewart Chamberlain. While the Greeks had given Europe a soul, the Romans were busy shaping the body: the, , the legions. Relying on Sanskrit being part of the Indo-Aryan, and thereby part of the Indo-European, family of languages, from which he supposes a common ancestry, he deems Europeans can benefit greatly from a study of the Vedic texts, the latter . 2 19 20 . Sample translated sentence: . Outside the rain patters! Chamberlain was brought up by relatives in France. It would be the official creed of the Deutsche Christen under the Third Reich; for instance, an official Protestant church pledged to the Nazi party20. The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich. He was, for the Germans, the thinker who popularized Gobineaus ideas on the social Darwinists, providing the German bourgeoisie with a sense of its mission: am deutschen wesen soll die welt genesenthe German essence must heal the world. not object to Chamberlain's making the Germanic race (which means for him Celts, Teutons, and Slavs, the . Writers like Arthur Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain derived an additional hierarchy, which gave white-skinned people an internal hierarchy. Houston Stewart Chamberlain 4: Hans Gnther 5: Hitler and Mein Kampf . Houston Stewart Chamberlain Full . Es war hohe Zeit, dass der Retter erschien, Ibid., p.549. In very ancient times, Germanic tribes had come from the north to colonize the south. In Chamberlains work, the past is a warning for the present. If only those elites would come to that same awareness, they would crush any opposition and rule the world for good. After years of travelling and wandering/wondering about new ideas, he found in the racist theories of Schemann and other Rassentheoretiker of the time a unified vision of the worlda true Weltanschauung. If the Greeks were philosophers, the Romans were lawyers. emphasizes the importance of race, nation, personality, the creative idea in history . Es war hohe Zeit, dass der Retter erschien, 1941-1944. 10, p.296, in the English translation by MURPHY, James, London, Hurst and Blackett, 1939, vol. Jesus Christ was, strangely enough, of pure Germanic blood. Before praising the Romans for being good lawyers, he blames them for their lack of creativity: Can you find one single poetic genius among the Romans? 8What is interesting, however, is the following statement: according to Chamberlain, the Romans and the Greeks, the founding fathers of our European civilization, were indeed Germans. 10 Diese Anschauung von der Bedeutung der Kunst entspricht auch, wenn ich nicht irre, einer spezifischen Anlage des deutschen Geistes. Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1912). Lu et admir par les principaux idologues nazis, dont Hitler, il devient, peu avant sa mort dans les annes 1920, un des matres penser de leur mouvement. This book had already been published in, Die Rasse in den GeisteswissenschaftenBand II: Hauptepochen und Hauptvlker der. Racism, including racial antisemitism, was always an integral part of German National . Dass der Schwerpunkt der Kultur endgltig nach Westen verlegt, dass der semitisch-asiatische Bann gebrochen (), dass das vorwiegend indogermanische Europa nunmehr das schlagende Herz und das sinnende Hirn der ganzen Menschheit wurde, das ist das Werk Roms, Ibid., p.168. 8 Demandt, Alexander, Politische Aspekte im Alexanderbild der Neuzeit. As a tribute to Chamberlain, and in the similar style of his book, Alfred Rosenberg, the chief ideologist of the Nazi party, entitled his own work, , the gospel of Nazism. After attending a lyce in Versailles and a boarding school in Cheltenham, he visited destination spas and various health resortshe did not have a very sound constitutionwith his chaperon and a tutor. He resented Chamberlain for not being aware of that scourge. Despite this biological disaster or the inevitable fall of the Romans, the Nordic race did not disappear. Chamberlain chose to revisit this holy triangle through the vlkisch perspective. He mumbles, wants to speak, he can'tand then weeps like a child! houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary. houston stewart chamberlain, the importance of race summary. What can you say of a 1200 years long history that does not offer a single philosopher, not even the most modest one? (). Auswirkungen der Entjudaisierung Christi im 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Der Fanatiker will berreden, Sie wollen berzeugen, nur berzeugen, und darum gelingt es Ihnen auch; ja, ich mchte Sie ebenfalls fr das Gegenteil eines Politikers dieses Wort im landlufigen Sinne aufgefat erklren, denn die Asche aller Politik ist die Parteiangehrigkeit, whrend bei Ihnen alle Parteien verschwinden, aufgezehrt von der Glut der Vaterlandsliebe. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996. By HOUSTON STEWART CHAMBERLAIN. Published in 1853-55, his Essay on the Inequality of Human Races was widely read, embellished, and publicized by many different kinds of writers. View all Houston Stewart Chamberlain Quotes. Bergen, Doris L., Twisted Cross. I also examine Chamberlain's influence on Nazism and suggest that Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, Sehr geehrter und lieber Herr Hitler 7. Off we go. I am deeply upset. They were never able to create a unified Hellenic state and, instead, spent centuries launching fratricide wars against each other, only to exhaust the race in endless massacres of the Athenians by the Spartans and vice versa, until it bled to death. This beautiful race (in every regard) was dominant in Germany and Austria, but also within the elites of the British Empire and of the United States of America; it extended to the French elites as well, but only partly. The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 1899) is a book by British-born German philosopher Houston Stewart Chamberlain.In the book, Chamberlain advances various racialist and especially vlkisch antisemitic theories on how he saw the Aryan race as superior to others, and the Teutonic peoples as a positive force in European civilization and the . They then engaged with the Romans: Carthage was a Jewish kingdom and Hannibal himself was some sort of a fighting rabbi! Later, the Wagner family would welcome another subject of the British Empire: Winifred Williams. Jetzt glaube ich einzusehen, da dies grade Ihr Wesen bezeichnet und sozusagen umschliet: der wahre Erwecker ist zugleich Spender der Ruhe. We have to thank Rome () that it transferred the centre of gravity of civilization to the West and that the Jewish-Asian spell was broken, so that Germanic Europe became the beating heart and the thinking brain of whole mankind. An Anthology of Texts, London, Routledge, 2002. In very ancient times, Germanic tribes had come from the north to colonize the south. He mumbles, wants to speak, he can'tand then weeps like a child! SpracheRasseReligion, Darmstadt, WBG, 2001, 464p. 4 Field, Geoffrey G., Evangelist of Race. Meuchelmrderisch hatte sich der asiatische und. Decultot, Elisabeth, Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996. The After France, Italy, Belgium, he ended up in Vienna, then in Geneva, where he earned a Bachelors degree in Science. Es hat meine Gedanken beschftigt, wieso gerade Sie, der Sie in so seltenem Grade ein Erwecker der Seelen aus Schlaf und Schlendrian sind, mir einen so langen erquickenden Schlaf neulich schenkten, wie ich einen hnlichen nicht erlebt habe seit dem verhngnisvollen Augusttag 1914, wo das tckische Leiden mich befiel. ), with an introduction by Lord REDESDALE, G.C.V.O., . Der Fanatiker erhitzt die Kpfe, Sie erwrmen die Herzen. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1600-06, Houston Stewart Chamberlain (cropped).jpg 249 350; 70 KB. In 1899 Chamberlain wrote his most important work, 'Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts' . 1 Wagner, Richard, Das Judentum in der Musik, Leipzig, 1869. This is a draft section of a chapter in my forthcoming Ph.D., in which I explore the racial and theological theories of 19th-century German philosopher Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Corrections? Die Aufzechnungen Heinrich Heims, herausgegeben von Werner Jochmann, Hamburg, Albrecht Knaus Verlag, 1980, 496p., p.96. Sie sind ja gar nicht, wie Sie mir geschildert worden sind, ein Fanatiker, vielmehr mchte ich Sie als den unmittelbaren Gegensatz eines Fanatikers bezeichnen. This is the decisive standpoint for men of action. And Chamberlain would not be the last to perform such a, under the Third Reich; for instance, an official Protestant church pledged to the Nazi party, . Chamberlain could very well have been a poor mans Hegel: rewriting the history of civilization in a less than talented way, apologizing for not being able to elaborate further on what he was talking about because it would take too long and writing much nonsense on the science of the time which he was already busy repudiating. Die athenische Demokratie und die deutsche Althistorie bis 1945. , Peter Lang, Bern, New York, 1986, 332p. Wo ist ein grosser, schpferischer Naturforscher unter den Rmern? As for Aristotle, he would not have been remembered in the same way had it not been for Plato. Beck, 1999, 534p. NF, Beat, Von Perikles zu Hitler? ), British-born Germanophile political philosopher, whose advocacy of the racial and cultural superiority of the so-called Aryan element in European culture influenced pan-German and German nationalist thought, particularly Adolf Hitlers National Socialist movement. While their cousins who had stayed in the north still ate raw meat and lived in caverns, the Germans of the Souththat is to say, the Greeks and the Romansate healthy food and created civilisation. Ein Beitrag zur historischen, Athens represented, for Chamberlain, the beauty of ideas and the greatness of philosophy, which as such is not a very original idea. [1] Educated at Versailles, Geneva, and Vienna, Chamberlain became an admirer of Richard Wagner, publishing his first work, Notes sur Lohengrin (Notes on Lohengrin), in 1892. 13 der rechtsmssige Erbe des Hellenen und des Rmers, ibid. An Anthology of Texts, London, Routledge, 2002, 496p. 25 Es hat meine Gedanken beschftigt, wieso gerade Sie, der Sie in so seltenem Grade ein Erwecker der Seelen aus Schlaf und Schlendrian sind, mir einen so langen erquickenden Schlaf neulich schenkten, wie ich einen hnlichen nicht erlebt habe seit dem verhngnisvollen Augusttag 1914, wo das tckische Leiden mich befiel. In Chamberlains work, the past is a warning for the present. Farewell! by ; in john and livi come dine with me; on June 29, 2022 . Die Rasse in den GeisteswissenschaftenBand II: Hauptepochen und Hauptvlker der Geschichte in ihrer Stellung zur Rasse, The Nazi Germany Sourcebook. No surprise there, because, according to him, Christ was also a German. This obsession with diseases and the assimilation of blood-mixing with infection is a common characteristic, as well as a deep concern, among the most convinced racists of the time. 17Indeed, this encounter and interview left such an impression on Chamberlain that he considered Hitler as the epitome of many essential virtuessuch virtues as warmth, kindness and selflessness, all embodied by the Fhrer of the NSDAP: You are not at all, as you have been described to me, a fanatic. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Furthermore, his belonging to the Wagner family was a letter of credit and a sign of distinction in the small but growing world of the far right movements. Long, long handshake! I, chap. His most fundamental idea was that the Germanic race was the cornerstone and the pillar of civilization. In Aryan Worldview Houston Chamberlain discusses the importance of Indology in the effort to gain deeper insight into the essence of Indo-European thought. Schemann, who held a doctorate in history from the University of Berlin, made a living as a raciologist (Rassenkndler) at the University of Freiburg and translated Gobineaus work in German. He was, for the Germans, the thinker who popularized Gobineaus ideas on the social Darwinists, providing the German bourgeoisie with a sense of its mission: am deutschen wesen soll die welt genesenthe German essence must heal the world. As they wanted to destroy anything that was not Jewish, they fought against the Greeks. An Anthology of Texts, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945. , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989. , Leipzig, 1869. The self-taught student had found his philosophical stone and was ready to share his revelation, to the public. A Collection of Interesting, Important, and Controversial Perspectives Largely Excluded from the American Mainstream Media 24 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, Sehr geehrter und lieber Herr Hitler 7. Blut von ihrem Blut und Geist von ihrem Geist, What is interesting, however, is the following statement: according to Chamberlain, the Romans and the Greeks, the founding fathers of our European civilization, were indeed Germans. Reassured though he was to have met the saviour of Germany and of the German race, Chamberlain did not die right away and had to wait four more years before falling into a deep and peaceful sleep. 12 Blut von ihrem Blut und Geist von ihrem Geist, ibid., p.549. It was high time the saviour appeared. His book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century explained the difference between races. Houston Stewart Chamberlain b. . Cartea n dou volume a lui Chamberlain, Die . Jahrhunderts wurde ein Weltbestseller. Jahrhunderts. 4 Field, Geoffrey G., Evangelist of Race.The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, New Yor ; 5 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Munich, Bruckmann, 1899, ; 2 A passionate and self-educated man, Houston Stewart Chamberlain studied and read a lot, eager to explore many different fields at once: history, philosophy or the natural sciences. No. The Romans, of course, were the best, but they did not protect themselves; they did not protect the excellence of their blood. What then could possibly have happened? Die athenische Demokratie und die deutsche Althistorie bis 1945, Peter Lang, Bern, New York, 1986, 332p. 9 Decultot, Elisabeth, Johann Joachim Winckelmann. 13 As a true Wagnerian, Chamberlain needed heroes and saviours. Before praising the Romans for being good lawyers, he blames them for their lack of creativity: Can you find one single poetic genius among the Romans? Englishman Houston Stewart Chamberlain, however, who crystallized the ideas for use in German nationalism.
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