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Egyptian players abroad: Mostafa Mohamed's Nantes defeated at PSG, Trezeguet.. Italy Serie A results & fixtures (25th matchday), Egypts Prosecution investigates Hoggpool, Six European nations express concern over growing violence in Palestinian territories, Egyptian Premier League fixtures (21st matchday), US official says Biden expected to tighten rules on US investment in China. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Egypt's enemy or a blessing in Despite the controversy and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam's effect on Egypt and Sudan, it appears that the Ethiopian government will continue to move forward with filling the dam. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, Ethiopia - Webuild Project Sudans agricultural and hydropower interests align with those of Ethiopia while it has a strong interest in not alienating its 'big brother' and northern neighbour, Egypt, with whom it shares a long and partly contested border (Whittington et al., 2014). Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - jpl.nasa.gov Cameroon's Choupo-Moting scores winner as Bayern reclaim Bundesliga top.. English Premier League results & fixtures (26th matchday), Germany Bundesliga results & fixtures (23rd matchday), Israeli delegation expelled from the African Union summit. The Kenyan Lake is heavily dependent on the fresh water and vital nutrients supplied by the rivers annual floods, making it a paradise for fisheries. Attia, H. & Saleh, M. (2021). The grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam (eg) - SlideShare Consequently, under the principle of pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt, it could demonstrate that those treaties cannot bind it as it was a third party and did not give its consent. Egypt accuses. This is because the VCLT allows an older treaty to be rescinded by a new one if the new one concerns the same topic (Article 59). In the end, all 11 riparian states must understand that the way forward calls for the establishment of a meaningful resource-sharing agreement, one that sees and recognizes the Nile River as a regional watercourse. China at the heart of rising Nile River conflict - Asia Times The Politics Of The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Analysis Both countries are concerned that without a clear and binding agreement with Ethiopia, the latter will have full control of the passage of water from the GERD during droughts, which would be devastating to the lives of millions in Egypt and Sudan. Ethiopia and Egypt Are Fighting Over the Nile River. The United States Ethiopia should get its fair share of water that originates in Ethiopia. It is therefore intrinsically connected with the question of land ownership. IDS (2013). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Gets Set to Open - Hiiraan Online Ethiopia's Grand Renaissance Dam. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a critical project that intends to provide hydroelectricity to support the livelihoods of millions of people in the region. Ethiopia says second filling of Renaissance Dam complete From this round of talks, it appears that negotiations are able to move forward and address other sticking points on the agenda, such as conflict resolution mechanisms and the dams operations in the event of multi-year droughts (Al Jazeera, 2020). Second, regarding the 1902 Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty, although Ethiopia was a party and although that instrument does deal with the flow of water on the Nile, its terms are strictly limited. Whittington, D. et al. The instrument was a success in terms of cooling tensions between the states which seemed increasingly likely to come to blows. The most important of these treaties is the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (the Watercourses Convention). the study highlights the importance of weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of counter-hegemonic tactics in general, and of large dam projects in particular, and . The countrys 2003 development plan introduced many more, and the Ethiopian government launched an ambitious PR campaign to encourage donor nations and international funding agencies to support these projects financially and ideologically as the highway to Ethiopian development and prosperity. India dispatch: Supreme Court limits DNA paternity testing in divorce proceedings, prioritizing childrens privacy rights, US dispatch: Texas case could limit access to abortion medication, Copyright infringement made federal crime. Factbox: Key facts about Ethiopia's giant Nile dam | Reuters In particular, the DoP takes a very strict approach to the no significant harm rule. A major reason the GERD is so controversial today is that it has not been subjected to thorough safety and impact studies, which could pose a grave threat to downriver nations. Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan reach 'major common understanding' on dam. Owned and operated by the Ethiopian Electric Power company, the 145-m-tall roller-compacted concrete gravity dam . Created by. But the Ethiopian elites show little interest in addressing such concerns, bent as they are on a nationalist revivalist project that claims an Ethiopian exceptionalism that places Addis Ababa above international law as it pursues a water-management strategy that has less to do with its development aims than with its ambitions to weaponise water in a bid for regional hegemony. Environmental Impacts Of Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam On The Learn the history of Toronto from the city's official website. This is on the basis of the principles of State succession as outlined in the Vienna Convention on the Succession of States (VCSS). Misplaced Opposition to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD): Update. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Fact Sheet The first filling of the dam in July 2020 went uneventfully. Egypt's 100 million people rely on the Nile for 90% of the country's water needs. EDUARDO SOTERAS/AFP via Getty Images. Feb 11th 2021 DAMS HAVE several uses. Sudan and Egypt, which rely most heavily on the . It also codified the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and no significant harm (essentially importing from the Watercourses Convention). Swain, A. Thus, as with the Watercourses Convention and the CFA, the DoP does not offer a clear legal resolution to the dispute. Article 5 requires that watercourse states utilise an international watercourse in an equitable and reasonable manner and creates the duty to cooperate in the protection and development of the watercourse. The Nile is not a boundary-delimiting river, hence Ethiopia would almost certainly argue that the exception should not be applied here. European countries including Italy, Belgium and especially the UK controlled the Nile as part of colonisation and the broader Scramble for Africa. These colonising states used the tactic of concluding treaties (often at gunpoint) to secure their interests and, in this case, essentially prohibit upstream states from using their own waters. The multi-services provided by the hydropower development and its technical advantages could be driving forces for local, regional and national development, and a catalyst for sustainable development. This paper discusses the challenges and benefits of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), which is under construction and expected to be operational on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia in a few years. This represents a new challenge to the basins current hydro-political regime and status quo, as it may drive Sudans interest in renegotiating its current quota(Link et al., 2012;Whittington et al., 2014). Egypt says. The Ethiopian government has always availed itself of its power to transfer local populations off land it decides to declare a public resource. The treaties also purported to give Egypt veto power over upstream projects. RANE (2015). Hence, the customary law argument might be too ambitious. This crisis has raised great concerns among large sectors of the Egyptian society, especially in light of recalling such statements as "water war," "water militarization," "military management of the GERD crisis," "water terrorism," and "Ethiopian hydro-hegemony over the Nile Basin" [ 1, 2 ]. However, as a result of the ability and willingness of Ethiopians at home and abroad to invest in the dam project, the government was able to raise a significant portion of the money needed to start the construction of the GERD. To African commentators in recent decades, massive investments in mega-energy and irrigation projects were emblematic of the African economic emergence, and Ethiopia at that time vaunted itself as one of the fastest-growing economies in the region. Given agricultures importance to pro-poor economic growth, Egypt, which has significant experience and expertise in irrigation agriculture, can share some of that expertise with other countries in exchange for increased trade with them. These countries should return to the NBIs Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), which was concluded in 2010, try to resolve the disagreements that caused Egypt and Sudan to decline to sign the CFA, and use it as a model for a future binding legal regime. This is because it is traditionally understood to refer to waterways that form intrinsic parts of international boundaries. Ethiopia has never 'consumed' significant shares of the Nile's water so far, as its previous political and economic fragility in combination with a lack of external financial support, due to persistent Egyptian opposition to projects upstream, prevented it from implementing large-scale projects. 2011. how much does the reservoir contain? DISADVANTAGES OF ASWAN DAM the agriculture output of Egypt. If it is allowed to reach dangerous levels, water scarcity has the potential to trigger conflicts. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Source of cooperation or - USGS Ethiopia completes third filling of Blue Nile mega-dam reservoir The writer is a professor of political science at the UAEs Zayed and Cairo universities, *A version of this article appears in print in the 9 July, 2020 edition ofAl-Ahram Weekly, Spain La Liga results & fixtures (24th matchday). Disadvantages of the grand ethiopian renaissance dam jobs This is a matter of acute concern given that Egypt depends on the Nile for about 97% of its irrigation and drinking water. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) constitutes a real crisis for the Egyptian regime, where Ethiopia several times blamed Egypt for the failure of negotiations conducted between Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia on the dam. It will also give Ethiopia more control . By Ambassador Gurjit Singh*. According to some estimates, the Ethiopian government had to arrange for the resettlement of 1.5 million people in the four regions of Gambela, Somali, Afar, and Benishangul-Gumuz. Kandeel, A. to hydrate farmland), it would effectively be taken from downstream states like Egypt. However, it also entails potential negative effects on Egypt, if not carefully managed (see alsoSecurity implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt). Ethiopian opinion is divided over the need for such huge investments in hydroelectric energy when the national network is still very underdeveloped and unable to cope. Therefore, all the water is eventually released downstream with the effect that there is no net loss of water to downstream states. GIGA Focus No. The Chinese donors who have agreed to fund it have performed no independent social or environmental impact reviews. At that point, the lake that . In March 2015, a 'Declaration of Principles' was signed by the leaders of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia, setting the foundations for an initial cooperation (Salman, 2017). For nearly a century, as a legacy of colonialism, Egypt enjoyed what Tekuya referred to as a hydro-hegemony over the Nile; despite Ethiopia contributing 86% to its waters. Fast Track Approach to Design and Construction at Grand Ethiopian Already, the United States has threatened to withhold development aid to Ethiopia if the conflict is not resolved and an agreement reached. Since its inception, there have been two, highly contentious, products. Mainly, for the downstream countries, the. Water scarcity is a growing problem. Egypt has issued a public statement to that effect. Egypts original goal was to have the project purely and simply cancelled. As a consequence, Ethiopia has not been able to make significant use of the rivers waters. Ethiopia needs regional customers for its hydropower to ensure the economic feasibility of the GERD. In the imperialist age, Ethiopian emperors threatened to alter the course of the Nile and stop its flow to Egypt. Afraid that a drought might appear during the filling period, Egypt wants the filling to take place over a much longer period. Such an understanding and appreciation of Egypts water vulnerability would help the riparians develop a water management protocol that can significantly enhance equitable and reasonable use while minimizing significant harm to downstream riparians. It concludes that Ethiopias legal position is far stronger and that a negotiated agreement in its favour is the most likely outcome of the dispute. There has long been a conflict over water rights among the riparian countries of the Eastern Nile Basin (Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia). Indeed, Egypt has called the filling of the dam an existential threat, as it fears the dam will negatively impact the countrys water supplies. Ethiopia's Grand Renaissance Dam: Ending Africa's Oldest Geopolitical Rivalry? The disadvantages for Egypt and Sudan are the possibility of reduced river flow, although this is only really a problem during the years of filling the dam. The final touches to these plans were added in 2005 and 2007, and one involves nine hydroelectric dams along the Gebale Dawa to produce some 1,300 MW of electricity for export. Faced with the anachronistic Nile Waters Treaties on the one hand and the absence of a suitable replacement on the other, discussions about the Dam have fallen into something of a stalemate. Here, for the first time, Egypt recognised Ethiopias right to use the Nile for development purposes. Stratfor Worldview. However, by far the largest of these projects is the GERD, which was announced in 2010 and work on which was launched in 2011 by means of a nationwide fundraiser in which Ethiopian civil servants were reportedly obliged to volunteer a months salary to invest in GERD bonds. Ultimately, all the water is allowed to pass downstream such that there is no net loss of flow (with the exception of water lost to evaporation). The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is a Big Deal - BORGEN Water Politics and the Gulf States: The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam grand ethiopian renaissance dam. In that light, Egypt should minimize trips to Washington, D.C., New York, and Brussels, and instead use its diplomatic resources to improve its relations with the other riparian states. Crucially, however, neither Egypt nor Ethiopia are parties to the Watercourses Convention and so they are not bound by its terms. The establishment of the Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile, up 145 and a storage capacity of 74 . Egypt, fearing major disruptions to its access to the Nile's waters, originally intended to prevent even the start of the GERD's construction. Helping Egypts cause, during the preparation of the VCSS, the International Law Commission stated that treaties concerning water rights or navigation on rivers are commonly regarded as candidates for inclusion in the category of territorial treaties. However, it must be noted that this would represent a generous interpretation of the territorial treaty exception. Search for jobs related to Disadvantages of the grand ethiopian renaissance dam or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 20m+ jobs. But the project has caused concern. Furthermore, resolving conflicts involving the Nile River is most likely to be more successful through improvements in relations between the riparians and not through external intervention. Benefits from the Nile's Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Rural 21 This is an intergovernmental partnership to provide a forum for consultation and coordination for the sustainable management and development of shared water. Given the importance of water to Ethiopian agriculture, it resulted in the tragic irony that, as Thurow put it, the land than feeds the Nile is unable to feed itself. The status quo started to change when Ethiopia began construction of the Dam, just east of its border with Sudan, in 2011. The Zenawi concept of a Strong Ethiopia envisions the country as a powerful hydroelectric energy hub exporting electricity to Djibouti and Somalia in the east, Kenya and Uganda to the south, and Sudan to the west. Nevertheless, Egypt must not use sympathy for its water vulnerability as a weapon to frustrate the efforts of the other riparians to secure an agreement that is balanced, fair, and equitable. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a 6,450 MW hydropower project nearing completion on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia, located about 30 km upstream of the border with Sudan. per year, that would constitute a drought and, according to Egypt and Sudan, Ethiopia would have to release some of the water in the dams reservoir to deal with the drought. No water at all was allocated to Ethiopia. Elliot Winter is a lecturer (assistant professor) in international law at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. Trilateral talks mediated by the United States and World Bank from November 2019 to February 2020 collapsed as Ethiopia rejected a binding agreement with Egypt and Sudan on the filling and operation of the GERD, which led to both downstream countries requesting intervention from the UN Security Council (UNSC) in May 2020 (Kandeel, 2020). The Nile-COM is the highest political and decisionmaking body of the NBI. Trilateral talks between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan to finalise an agreement on a cooperation framework for the GERD have been mediated by the African Union, World Bank and United States. Egypts main argument might be that, despite being unsatisfactory and anachronistic, the Nile Waters Treaties remain good law and are enforceable against the respective parties. The decisions that this group renders must be binding on all riparian states. Chinese banks provided financing for the purchase of the turbines and electrical equipment for the hydroelectric plants. Learn. The disadvantages for Egypt and Sudan are the possibility of reduced river flow, although this is only really a problem during the years of filling the dam. Negotiations resumed three weeks after Al-Sisi took office in June 2014, and an agreement was made to resume negotiations - an achievementhailed by both Egypt and Ethiopia as a new chapter in relations between Egypt and Ethiopia based on openness and mutual understanding and cooperation (Omar, 2014). It provides clear benefits to all three riparian, such as flood control, reduced flood damages and sediment control. Ethiopia's dam dispute: five key reads about how it started and how it Construction on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam began in 2011 and it is currently nearing completion. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will increase energy generation and development in Ethiopia, but it may have unwanted consequences for other Nile River users. Another important area of cooperation is research, especially in areas like climate change, the fight against terrorism and extremism, and human rights. Ultimately, however, Egypt did not sign the CFA (nor did Sudan) hence it does not resolve the dispute. Officials in Addis Ababa argue that the GERD will have no major impact on water flow into the Nile, instead arguing that the hydropower dam will provide benefits to countries in the region, including as a source of affordable electric power and as a major mechanism for the management of the Nile, including the mitigation of droughts and water salinity. Ethiopia, whose highlands supply more than 85 percent of the water that flows into the Nile River, has long argued that it has the right to utilize its natural resources to address widespread poverty and improve the living standards of its people. More alarmingly, Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak allegedly even considered bombing the Dam. However, it also makes useful concessions to Egypt which it may wish to press. Al Jazeera (2020). The IPoE report recommended two studies to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts of GERD and was interpreted by both the Egyptian and the Ethiopian government as a vindication of their respective positions. As noted above, the instrument concedes for the first time that Ethiopia has legitimate interests over the Nile. In short, the Nile Waters Treaties do little to constrain Ethiopias ability to construct the Dam. (eds.). The crucial leverage regarding Egypts water security lies with the Blue Nile countries Ethiopia and Sudan, as the Blue Nile is the main contributor to the Nile Rivers flow downstream. It too has legal arguments it could adduce in support of its position that the Dam is permitted under international law. Cairo . Gebreluel, G. (2014). What is your opinion on Ethiopia's chances of completing the "Great Challenges for water sharing in the Nile basin: changing geo-politics and changing climate. Water scarcity is a growing problem. According to Baradei, hydropower dams create immense turbulence in the water, where chemical reactions such as dissolved oxygen can destroy fauna and flora. Zegabi East Africa News (2015). Article IV of the DoP provides that the parties shall utilize their shared water resources in their respective territories in an equitable and reasonable manner and Article III provides that the parties shall take all appropriate measures to prevent the causing of significant harm in utilizing the Blue/Main Nile. Ethiopia can make a strong case that the operation of the Dam complies with each principle. The Untold Story of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Ethiopia: The Untold Story of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Since then, there has been a constant stream of complaints regarding the social and environmental impacts on downriver areas, including large displacements of local populations. Security implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt. In the absence of the application of the Watercourses Convention, various other legal arrangements and political declarations must be considered to gain an understanding of the regulation of the Dam and the Nile River more generally. This article quantifies the major benefits of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project for Sudan and Egypt based on GERDP technical design and quantitative analysis. It could be a treaty or merely a political declaration as the name implies. Alaa al-Zawahiri, a member of the Egyptian National Panel of Experts studying the effects of the Renaissance Dam, believes as much. 4. What Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia must overcome to all benefit from the Grand Renaissance Dam.